Mechanism of Action for loop diuretics - Answer- block water reasborption in the loop of Henle of nephron. Increases urine output
Suffix for loop -
... [Show More] Answer- -emide
ex: furosemide
cautions in using loop diuretics - Answer- decreased potassium, decreased BP, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
USE WITH CAUTION in those who have auditory/renal impairments
Suffix for Thiazide Diuretics - Answer- -thiazide
MOA for thiazide diuretics - Answer- blood water reabsorption in distal tube of nephron-- increases urine output
adverse drug reactions for thiazide diuretics - Answer- decreases potassium, increases uric acid, increases calcium
AVOID use in hx with gout, use cautiously with kidney disease
Contraindicator for thiazide diuretics - Answer- those with sulfa allergies, contains sulfa group in molecular structure. Also avoid in hx of gout due to increase of uric acid
Aldosterone antagonists MOA - Answer- inhibits aldosterone which results in sodium loss in the nephron, water follows and is excreted, potassium is retained (potassium sparing diuretic)
example of an aldosterone antagonist - Answer- Spironolactone
adverse drug reactions for aldosterone antagonists - Answer- high potassium, androgen blocking (blocks testosterone and causes estrogen effects)
beta blocker examples - Answer- Propranolol (Inderal)
Metroprolol (Lopressor/Toprol XL)
Atenolol (Tenormin)
Carvedilol (Coreg)
MOA of beta blockers - Answer- block adrenergic effects of Beta 1 and Beta 2 receptors (cause cholinergic effects)
result in low HR and Low BP
Contraindicators for beta blockers - Answer- chronic respiratory conditions (particularly for beta 2 blockers)
HR <60 bpm
disguises hypoglycemia symptoms
What does angiotensin 2 do? - Answer- angiotensin II causes vasonconstriction and secretion of aldosterone, which results in reabsorption of sodium/water in the nephrons
angiotensin 2 converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) suffix and MOA - Answer- suffix: -pril example: lisinopril
MOA: inhibits ACE from converting angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, therefor prevents water reabsorption
decreases cardiac workload
decreases BP
Adverse drug reactions for ACE inhibitors - Answer- high potassium, angioedema, dry cough
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARBs) suffix and MOA - Answer- suffix: sartan example: losartan
MOA: prevent Angiotensin2 from binding to receptor sites, which then prevents reabsorption of water and vasoconstriction
leads to lower BP
Adverse drug reactions of ARBS - Answer- high potassium, angioedema
prefix of cardiac glycosides - Answer- "dig" ex: digoxin
MOA of cardiac glycosides - Answer- block Na/K pump, indirectly changes the calcium balance, leads to powerful contraction w/ HB
does not lower blood pressure, only HR
FYIs for cardiac glycosides - Answer- measure HR, hold if <60bpm
sx of digoxin toxicity: anorexia, visual disturbance, chest palpitations
Which of the following drugs may cause hypokalemia?
A) torsemide
B) hydrochlorothiazide
C) spironolactone
D) Digoxin - Answer- A and B- Torsemide and HCTZ lower serum potassium due to increased potassium excretion in the kidneys
D) When entering the circulation, digoxin binds to sodium/potassium pumps which can also decrease OR increase potassium
ACE inhibitors result in which of the following outcomes? select all that apply:
a) vasodilation
b) vasoconstriction
c) ADH is inhibited [Show Less]