WGU C785 Final Exam With All The Correct Answers
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? - ANSWER ==amino group
... [Show More] (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and charged? - ANSWER ==Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? - ANSWER ==ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - ANSWER ==Primary - linear structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? - ANSWER ==hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? - ANSWER ==hydrophobic bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding? - ANSWER ==Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? - ANSWER ==Can cause structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein.
What is an electron? - ANSWER ==Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding
What is energy: - ANSWER ==Power derived fro chemical interaction
what are covalent bonds? - ANSWER ==chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons
what is an ionic bond? - ANSWER ==bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond? - ANSWER ==weak bond between positive and negative
with an amino? - ANSWER ==piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl? - ANSWER ==piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic? - ANSWER ==Doesn't like water, end with CH
what is hydrophilic? - ANSWER ==Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
what is disulfide bond? - ANSWER ==strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's.
what are zwitterions? - ANSWER ==amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero
what is a polypeptide - ANSWER ==polymer of amino acids
What is dehydration synthesis? - ANSWER ==Process of forming peptide bonds
what is hydrolysis? - ANSWER ==adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix? - ANSWER ==twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is a beta sheet? - ANSWER ==folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation? - ANSWER ==loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation? - ANSWER ==clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
how do enzymes catalyze reactions? - ANSWER ==bind with substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? - ANSWER ==decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle? - ANSWER ==enzyme recognizes substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled
how do environmental changes affect enzymes? - ANSWER ==High heat, pH change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme to lose its form/lose function
what is a competitive inhibitor? - ANSWER ==Mimics substrate and takes its place on the active binding site
what is a noncompetitive inhibitor? - ANSWER ==Binds to allosteric site causing active site to change shape = preventing substrate from binding with enzyme
what molecules increase/build up or decrease given a specific inhibitor? A -> (enzyme 1) -> B -> (enzyme 2) -> C -> (enzyme 3) -> D. Pretend Enzyme 2 is inhibited. - ANSWER ==Inhibitor would cause a build up for product B, decrease product C. Enzyme 3 and product D would not be created.
what is substrate? - ANSWER ==the substance on which an enzyme acts
what is a product? - ANSWER ==result of a reaction
what is an intermediate? - ANSWER ==products produced in an enzyme pathway before final product
what is an active site? - ANSWER ==location where substrate binds with enzyme
what is enzyme specificity? - ANSWER ==Enzymes bind with certain substrate or type of substrate to create a certain reaction
what is induced fit? - ANSWER ==Enzyme changes shape in enzyme-substrate complex to facilitate formation of enzyme-product complex
what is kinase? - ANSWER ==Enzyme, adds phosphate group via phosphorlation
what is phosphatase? - ANSWER ==enzyme, removes phosphate group via dephosphorylation
with is an allosteric site? - ANSWER ==secondary site on an enzyme an inhibitor binds to via non-competitive inhibition
what is competitive inhibition? - ANSWER ==enzyme substrate and inhibitor complex compete to bind with enzyme's active site. no product formed when inhibitor binds with enzyme.
what is non-competitive inhibition? - ANSWER ==inhibitor binds to allosteric site, not active site. Changes shape of active site, preventing substrate from binding and making product
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