personality - characteristics that describe an individual's behavior.
personality traits - characteristics that describe an individual's behavior in a
... [Show More] large number of situations
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) - A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies Behavior
Big Five Model - A personality assessment model that taps five basic dimensions. extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism.
extraversion - A personality describing someone who is sociable and assertive (confident and forceful )
agreeableness - A personality that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting.
conscientiousness - A personality that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
emotional stability - A personality that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, and insecure.
openness to experience - A personality that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.
core self-evaluation - Bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person.
Machiavellianism - The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.
narcissism - The tendency to be arrogant, self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.
self-monitoring - where an individual's has ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.
proactive personality - People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs.
values - Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence.
value system - A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual's values in terms of their intensity.
terminal values - Desirable end-states of existence; the goals a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.
instrumental values - Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one's terminal values.
personality Job-fit theory - A theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.
power distance - where society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
individualism - where people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups.
collectivism - A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
masculinity - where culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control.
femininity - indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; where women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.
uncertainty avoidance - A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
long-term orientation - A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.
short-term orientation - A national culture attribute that emphasizes the past and present, respect for tradition, and fulfillment of social obligations. people value the here and now; they accept change more readily and don't see commitments as impediments to change.
heredity - factors determined at conception; one's biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup.
Perception - A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
attribution theory - An attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused.
fundamental attribution error - The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
self-serving bias - The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors.
selective perception - The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
halo effect - The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
contrast effect - Evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
stereotyping - Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs.
self-fulfilling prophecy - A situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception.
decisions - Choices made from among two or more alternatives.
problem - A discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.
rational - Characterized by making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints.
rational decision-making model - A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome. [Show Less]