The linear model of communication ✔✔A simple exchange between 2 people includes:
1. Deciding on the message
2. Encoding the message
3. Transmitting
... [Show More] the message
4. Perceiving the message
5. Decoding and assigning meaning to the message
Transactional Model ✔✔Feedback, along with consideration of the factors that make accurate
decoding of messages difficult, transforms the linear model.
Stages of Perception ✔✔The way we assign meaning to messages and events is uniquely our own,
and it occurs in three stages
1) Selection
2) Organization
3) Interpretation
Selective exposure ✔✔This principle of selection (one of the stages of perception) states that we
will attend to information that reinforces existing beliefs and disregard information that is at odds
with our current position
Selective attention ✔✔This principle of selection (one of the stages of perception) states that once
we are engaged in a particular interaction, we focus on certain information and ignore other
information
Selective recall ✔✔This principle of selection (one of the stages of perception) states that we
remember things that we agree with rather than things that are contrary to our beliefs
Organization ✔✔A communicator's efforts to group information into meaningful units to make
further sense out of the information.
Interpretation ✔✔Assign meaning to stimuli
Identity ✔✔The ways in which you express your cultural and group affiliations. A factor affecting
perception.
Current internal state ✔✔How people perceive stimuli involves how they are feeling. A factor
affecting perception.
Locus of causation ✔✔Refers to whether the communicator's behavior was motivated by an
internal state (such as intelligence, compassion, or honesty) or an external factor (such as
resources, luck, favoritism, or the situation).
Self-presentation ✔✔The strategic development and use of verbal and nonverbal messages that
result in others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are
Impression management ✔✔Deliberate use of verbal/nonverbal messages to create a particular
impression among others
Plan for Effective Self-presentation ✔✔Due to the importance of making positive, appropriate first
impressions you would follow this plan:
1) Set a goal
2) Create a strategy
3) Execute the strategy and evaluate the results
4) Modify negative perceptions
Co-Culture ✔✔Reflects the unique beliefs, ways of thinking, communication patterns and styles,
and customs of members of particular groups that exist within the umbrella culture. Ex. Marines,
college students, crossfit, pet owners
Individualism ✔✔Values people who are assertive and speak for themselves, independent and not
reliant on others. Remain somewhat emotionally distant from others.
Collectivism ✔✔Value their membership in their particular in-group to such an extent that they
place a greater importance on their role within the group.
High context communication ✔✔Rely more on nonverbal communication than straightforward
verbal messages.
Low context communication ✔✔Require explicit or clean verbal messages. Spoon feed what is
expected
Feminine ✔✔Nurturing, friendly, affectionate, compassionate, warm, supportive
Masculine ✔✔Assertive, ambitious, success-oriented, competitive, cold
Monochronic ✔✔These people like doing one thing at a time, being punctual, and concentrating
fully to meet their commitments. Rarely cancel plans, tend to be very structured in their use of
time and time lines, and can be highly irritated by interruptions or delays. They would consider a
polychronic individual to be chaotic and unfocused.
Polychronic ✔✔These people are flexible in terms of starting times for appointments and
deadlines. They change plans and priorities easily, and the border between work or professional
time and family or personal time is fluid for them. Their style may seem chaotic and unfocused to
a monochronic individual.
Ethnocentrism ✔✔The belief that one's own culture and lifestyle are superior to all others
High power distance ✔✔Place a great deal of value on social rank and the status associated with
certain occupations or political offices.
Low power distance ✔✔People tend to communicate in ways that promote equality and diminish
the barriers between people that status and rank create (Israel, Denmark, Sweden, great Britain,
Germany, Canada and US)
Synchronous communication ✔✔Instant replies
Asynchronous communication ✔✔Must wait for reply (Email)
Ethos ✔✔The credibility and characteristics of the speaker. Common components include
competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism
Pathos ✔✔The emotional appeal of a speaker. The ability to arouse emotion with in the audience
Logos ✔✔The logical argument presented by a speaker. The discourse that is supported by logical
reasoning. Includes two categories: inductive and deductive reasoning
Hasty generalization ✔✔A fallacy of inductive reasoning that comes to a general conclusion based
on too few or unrepresentative examples
Straw person fallacy ✔✔When someone takes another person's argument or point, distorts it or
exaggerates, and then attacks the distortion, as if that is really the claim the first person is making.
Forced dichotomy ✔✔A fallacy that occurs when a speaker presents only 2 solutions to a problem,
ignoring other solutions either purposefully or out of ignorance
Ad Hominem ✔✔A fallacy occurs when someone refutes an argument by attacking the person
who presented the argument rather than the argument itself
Informative speech ✔✔A type of speech designed to create, further, or alter the audience's factual
beliefs about a topic
Recency effect ✔✔Ending the body of a speech with your strongest, most interesting, or most
controversial claim because it arouses your audience to keep thinking, talking about, or working
with the ideas of your speech
Primary effect ✔✔Lead the body of the speech with the most compelling piece of evidence first
Dyadic relationships ✔✔Relationships that involve 2 people
Interdependence ✔✔2 people being mutually dependent on one another
Inclusion needs ✔✔Our need to feel accepted by and involved with others. One of the 3
fundamental human needs
Direct strategies ✔✔Unambiguous in letting the other person know just what type of relationship
they are interested in. People introduce themselves, invite others to participate in activities, or
make explicit statements of attraction. Opposite of ambiguous.
Social Attraction ✔✔Form of attraction that friends feel toward one another based on shared
enjoyment of activities and interests
Dialectal tension ✔✔ [Show Less]