Superior
Above or toward the head
Inferior
Below or toward the feet
Dorsal
Near or toward the back
Ventral
toward the front (or
... [Show More] belly)
Superficial
Toward or on the surface
Deep
(Internal) away from the surface
Distal
Farther from the trunk or origin
Proximal
Closer to the trunk or origin
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Toward the side
Anterior
Toward the head
Posterior
(dorsal) toward the rear or towards the back
Regions of the head: Cephaclic
Head
Regions of the head: Orbital
Eye
Regions of the head: Nasal
Nose
Regions of the head: Buccal
Cheek
Regions of the head: Oral
Mouth
Regions of the head: Cervical
Neck
Regions of the Extremities: Brachial
Arm
Regions of the Extremities: Carpal
Wrist
Regions of the Extremities: Manual
Hand
Regions of the Extremities: Digital
Finger or toe
Regions of the Extremities: Crural
Legs
Regions of the Extremities: Coxal
Hip
Regions of the Extremities: Femoral
Upper leg
Regions of the Extremities: Pedal
Feet
Regions of the trunk (Front): Thoracic
Below the neck and above the abdomen
Regions of the trunk (Front): Abdominal
Between the Chest & pelvis
Regions of the trunk (Front): Pelvic
Around the pelvis
Regions of the trunk (Front): Inguinal
Groin
Regions of the trunk (Back): Dorsal
Back
Regions of the trunk (Back): Vertebral
Along center line of back
Regions of the trunk (Back): Lumbar
Lower back
Regions of the trunk (Back): Sacral
Base of the spine
Tranverse Plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into a top half and a bottom half
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
Coronal Plane
divides body into front and back
Caudal
Toward the tail
Hemeostasis
a state of equilibrium or constant state of natural balance in the internal environment of the body.
feedback loop
allows the receiver to communicate with the sender and thereby informs the sender whether the message was received and decoded properly
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
The cells of prokaryotes are relatively small and simple; they do not have any clearly defined compartments inside of them The cells of eukaryotes, by contrast, include membrane-bound organelles: compartments inside the cell that contain specific groups of macromolecules and carry out specific cellular functions. One of these organelles is the nucleus; it encloses the DNA within the cell.
Which to organ systems exchange with the environment?
Digestive and Respiratory
Which 3 Organ systems transport fluid within the body?
Renal, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic
Which 2 organ systems are over control and regulation?
Endocrine, Nervous
Which 3 organ systems provide structure, support, protection, and movement?
Skeletal, Muscular, Integumentary
The specialized organs of the digestive tract extend in a roughly superior to inferior direction from the mouth (where food goes in) to the anus (where waste comes out) in the following order:
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large Intestine
Anus
Major structures in the skeletal system are (4 of them)?
Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons
Living cells, called ______________, in bone allow it to sense and respond to stress
osteocytes
Cartilage is what?
Cartilage is a firm, flexible, and smooth connective tissue found at the ends of bones. Cartilage is present in joints to protect the bone and to evenly distribute forces to the underlying bone.
Define Ligaments
Ligaments are band-like elastic structures that surround joints to hold them together. Ligaments connect one bone to another bone and allow movement in very specific directions.
What are tendons?
Tendons are band-like structures that are most commonly classified as belonging to the muscular system because they connect muscle to bone. They are considered with the skeletal system because they transfer the force from muscles to bones, generating tension and movement.
What is the function of articular cartilage?
Provide cushioning to the joint.
Hematopoiesis
formation of blood cells
Bones are also a reservoir for what?
Calcium
How many bones in the human body/
206 bones in the human body
Organs of the renal system are?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
. The kidneys are ?? to the bladder and ??? to the skin.
Superior / deep
Right and left kidneys are located against the ?? wall of the abdominal cavity (direction)
Posterior
The kidneys' location is also described as retroperitoneal because they are ???? the peritoneal cavity that encloses the intestines.
behind
Name the nervous system organs and structures
Cranial nerves, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, peripheral nerves
The nervous system is often divided into two functional parts: ?? and ??
The central nervous system, which processes incoming information and initiates a response.
The peripheral nervous system, which brings sensory information to, or carries motor output from, the central nervous system to initiate a reaction.
The major structures within the central nervous system are what?
Brain and spinal cord
The major structures within the peripheral nervous system are?
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves
Sensory nerves
Sensory nerves carry sensory input to the brain or spinal cord from the environment
Motor nerves
Motor nerves carry motor impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands
Mixed nerves
Mixed nerves have a combination of sensory and motor neurons in one nerve.
The basic functional units of the nervous system are cells called what?
Neurons
Name the parts of the lymphatic system
Adenoids, tonsils, Thymus, spleen, bone marrow, artery, vein, lymph node, lymph vessel [Show Less]