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Epigenetic changes do not affect the sequence of the DNA. PCR is used to look at
the DNA sequence.
Which of the following components is NOT
... [Show More] used in PCR?
DNA template
DNA nucleotides
RNA polymerase
Primers
(ANS - RNA polymerase
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PCR makes a DNA copy, so DNA polymerase is used.
Assuming there is one copy of the target DNA sequence before PCR, how many
copies of DNA are there after 5 PCR cycles?
256
6
65,536
16
32
(ANS - 32
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Each cycles double the numbers of DNA copy. Round 1: 1->2. Round 2: 2 ->4.
Round 3: 4 -> 8. Round 4: 8 ->16. Round 5: 16 ->32.
DNA polymerase can synthesize new DNA strands in which direction?
3' to 5'
5' to 3'
any direction
N-terminus to C-terminus
(ANS
- 5' to 3'
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DNA needs a free 3' end to bind to and initiate synthesis of a DNA. It synthesizes
in a 5' to 3' direction.
The following are steps involved in a polymerase chain reaction. Which is the
correct order:
Elongation, denaturation, and annealing
Denaturation, annealing, and elongation
Annealing, elongation, and denaturation
Elongation, annealing, and denaturation
(ANS - Denaturation, annealing, and elongation
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PCR uses repeated cycles of temperature to amplify particular DNA segments. In
the first step, the reaction mixture is heated to separate the DNA strands
(denaturation). The reaction is then cooled to allow the DNA primers, which define
the sequence to be amplified, to anneal (base pair) with the template DNA. In the
third step, DNA polymerase extends the DNA primers to create a copy of the target
DNA sequence. Heating the reaction to stop polymerization and separate the DNA
strands starts the cycle over again
Sickle Cell Anemia is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Choose the set
of chromosomes of a person that has inherited the disease. Green boxes represent
normal alleles and yellow boxes represent mutant alleles.
Captionless Image
A. Chromosome 12 (Blue) vs. Chromosome 11 (Red)
B. Chromosome X (Blue) vs. Chromosome Y (Red, Short)
C. Chromosome 11 (Blue) vs. Chromosome 11 (Red w/green stripe)
D. Chromosome 11 (Blue) vs. Chromosome 11 (Red w/yellow stripe)
(ANS - D. Chromosome 11 (Blue) vs. Chromosome 11 (Red w/yellow stripe)
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This question depicts chromosomes and asks which pair represents an Autosomal
Recessive inheritance pattern. Each of the chromosomes are pictured carrying an
allele from each parent, which is depicted by a yellow or green box. The green box
A woman is homozygous for an abnormal allele on Chromosome 2 that codes for
an autosomal dominant disease. This means that she:
Will have the disease
Will not have the disease
Has one normal gene and one abnormal gene
Can pass on two genes to any daughters and one gene to any son
(ANS - Will have the disease
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Homozygous means that the woman will have two copies of the abnormal allele.
An abnormal allele is the allele that can lead to disease. Since the disease is
dominant, then the abnormal allele is dominant in this case. With two copies of a
dominant allele, an individual will inherit a dominant disease.
Mutations in the FANCA gene (located on chromosome 16) can lead to Fanconi
Anemia. A healthy individual inherited one mutant and one normal allele of the
FANCA gene. Which of the following describes the inheritance pattern of Fanconi
Anemia?
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
X-linked Dominant
X-linked Recessive
(ANS - Autosomal Recessive
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Chromosome 16 is an autosome because it is a numbered chromosome. For a
healthy individual to have a mutant allele, the mutant allele must be recessive.
A black female mouse mates with a white male mouse and produces a litter of all
gray mice. Which inheritance pattern can be used to describe this situation?
Complete Dominance
Recessive
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
(ANS - Incomplete Dominance
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Incomplete dominance produces a blended phenotype.
Both pedigrees show the inheritance of von Willebrand disease, a bleeding
disorder in which platelets fail to clot properly. There are different types of von
Willebrand disease that exhibit different inheritance patterns. Type I is inherited in
an autosomal dominant fashion, while type III is autosomal recessive. Which of the
following statements best describes the families depicted in the pedigrees below?
Family 1 has type III and Family 2 is unlikely to have either of these two types.
Family 1 has type I and Family 2 has type III
Both families have type I.
Family 1 has type III and Family 2 has type I
(ANS - Family 1 has type III and Family 2 has type I
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Family 1 has carrier parents present and both males and females are affected, so it
is type III, autosomal recessive. Family 2 does not have carrier parents and affected
males do have unaffected daughters, so it is type I, autosomal dominant.
What is the expected probability that a child will have an autosomal dominant
disease if their father is heterozygous for the allele and their mother is homozygous
for the normal allele?
0%
25%
50%
100%
(ANS - 50%
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Aa X aa => 50% Aa diseased, 50% aa normal
Craniofrontonasal Dysplasia is an X-linked Dominant disorder. This condition is
very rare and is caused by mutations in the Ephrin B-1 gene. Which one of the
following pedigrees portrays the familial inheritance pattern of this X-linked
Dominant disorder?
Option 1
Option 2
Option 3
Option 4
(ANS - Option 4
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To first differentiate between dominant and recessive, check to see if any carriers
are present in any generation. Options 1 and 3 are Recessive inheritance patterns
because they both contain the pattern where two parents are unaffected and have a
child that is affected. Option 1 is X-linked Recessive because only males are
affected in the entire pedigree. Option 3 is Autosomal Recessive because there is
an affected female. Since Options 2 and 4 are both Dominant, we look to see which
one has a pattern where an affected father has daughters that are all affected.
Option 2 has an affected father with an affected son, so this must be Autosomal
Dominant. Option 4 demonstrates an affected father passing the disease down to all
of his daughters, so the answer is Option 4.
Two healthy individuals give birth to a child that has Bloom Syndrome. From this
information, it can be concluded that Bloom syndrome is inherited in a ________
manner.
recessive
dominant
sex-linked
(ANS - recessive
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Carrier parents are parents who do not have a particular trait, such as a disease, but
that trait shows up in their offspring. The presence of carrier parents signifies that
the trait is recessive.
The Punnett Squares below represent three different types of dominance. Which
answer choice correctly identifies the different types of Dominance?
1. A. Complete Dominance; B. Incomplete Dominance; C. Codominance
2. A. Codominance; B. Complete Dominance; C. Incomplete Dominance
3. A. Incomplete Dominance; B. Complete Dominance; C. Codominance
4. A. Codominance; B. Incomplete Dominance; C. Complete Dominance
(ANS - 3. A. Incomplete Dominance; B. Complete Dominance; C. Codominance
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A. Incomplete Dominance (heterozygotes are a color in-between the dominant and
recessive color). B. Complete Dominance (All flowers are completely the
dominant color or the recessive color). C. Codominance (heterozygotes are both
the dominant and the recessive color).
Match the letters with the correct names of the processes of the central dogma
(Replication; Transcription; Translation).
1. A) Transcription, B) Translation, C) Replication
2. A) Translation, B) Replication, C) Transcription
3. A) Replication, B) Transcription, C) Translation
4. A) Translation B)Transcription, Replication
(ANS - 3. A) Replication, B) Transcription, C) Translation
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Correct! The central dogma starts with DNA, which is able to be replicated to
prepare for cell division. DNA in the nucleus can also be accessed and transcribed
to mRNA. The mRNA will leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm where it will
be translated into a protein by the ribosome.
Label the lettered strands of nucleic acid below. The possible words to use in
labeling strands are: Coding Strand, Non-template Strand, Non-coding Strand,
Template Strand, and mRNA. Note: A and B refer to one strand of DNA; C and D
refer to the other strand of DNA.
1. A) Template B) Coding C) Non-template D) Non-Coding E) mRNA
2. A) Template B) Non-coding C) Non-template D) Coding E) mRNA
3. A) Non-template B) Non-Coding C) Template D) Coding E) mRNA
4. A) Non-template B) Coding C) Template D) Non-coding E) Mrna
(ANS - 4. A) Non-template B) Coding C) Template D) Non-coding E) mRNA
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Correct! The coding and the non-template strands are the same strand (blanks A
and B). The non-coding and the template strands are the same strand (blanks C and
D).
If one strand of chromosome 2 has a DNA sequence that consists of this: 5' AAG
CGG TAC GTA 3' What will be the composition of the complementary DNA
strand? (Select all that apply)
a. 5' TTC GCC ATG CAT 3'
b. 3' TTC GCC ATG CAT 5'
c. 5' TAC GTA CCG CTT 3'
d. 3' AAG CGG TAC GTA 5'(ANS - b. 3' TTC GCC ATG CAT 5'
c. 5' TAC GTA CCG CTT 3'
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Correct! All complementary base pairing must be antiparallel. The complementary
strand to 5' AAG CGG TAC GTA 3' is 3' TTC GCC ATG CAT 3'. If we simply
'flip' the sequence, we get 5' TAC GTA CCG CTT 3'. Thus, these are the correct
answers.
During DNA replication, which of the following sequences can be used as a primer
for the following DNA sequence: 3' AGT GGA TCA CTA GGC TCT 5'? (Recall
that DNA replication uses RNA primers whereas PCR uses DNA primers).
5' UCA CCU AGU GAU 3'
5' TCA CCT AGT GAT 3'
3' UCA CCU AGU GAU 5'
3' TCA CCT AGT GAT 5
'(ANS - 5' UCA CCU AGU GAU 3'
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Correct! During DNA replication, RNA is used as a primer for the DNA
polymerase. Recall that primers are complementary and antiparallel to the strand of
DNA that is being copied. The complementary RNA sequence for 3' AGT GGA
TCA CTA GGC TCT 5'? is 5' UCA CCU AGU GAU CCG AGA 3'. Thus 5' UCA
CCU AGU GAU 3', which is contained within the sequence above (beginning at
the 5' end), could serve as a complementary primer for DNA synthesis [Show Less]