what hormone is responsible for the symptoms of early pregnancy such as nausea and vomiting?
progesterone. it is responsible for premenstrual symptoms,
... [Show More] endometrial proliferation after ovulation, blocks development of new follicles, stimulates uterine blood supply for pregnancy, causes breasts to prepare for lactation but inhibits lactation during pregnancy, and causes the formation of cervical mucus plugs in pregnancy
at what gestational age is the gestational sac, yolk sac, and heart first visualized with TV ultrasound?
gestational sac at 4 weeks, yolk sac at 5.5 weeks, and heart at 6 weeks.
by which week should the amnion and chorion start to fuse? by what week should they be be completely fused? at which week if the chorion and amnion are not fused is there a higher chance of fetal anomalies?
should start fusing at 12, should be fused by 14, and if not fused at 16 weeks indicates a poor outcome
when does implantation of the fertilized egg occur?
day 20-23 of the pregnancy
cardiac activity can first be identified in an embryo with a CRL of ___mm.
5
the embryo of a normal pregnancy will increase in size approximately ____ mm per day.
1
on transvaginal ultrasound, the minimum mean sac diameter that should always demonstrate a yolk sac in a normal IUP is ____.
8 mm. also, a mean sac diameter of 16 mm should demonstrate a fetal pole in a normal IUP
the embryo and yolk sac can be seeen with TV ultrasound as early as ____ weeks.
5.5
the number of yolk sacs determines the chorionicity or amnionicity of the multifetal pregnancy?
amnionicity
organogenesis of a fetus is normally complete by ____ weeks gestation.
8
if fertilization occurs, what hormone will stop the regression of the corpus luteal cyst so that it can produce progesterone to stimulate the decidual reaction?
bhCG
if the zygote divides between days 4 and 8 of gestation, what type of twins will result?
monochorionic-diamniotic
if division of the zygote is not complete by day 13, what happens?
conjoined twins
what structure in this image is the decidua capsularis?
it wraps only to the chorion frondosum
late in the 3rd trimester the tip of the spinal cord should be identified at the level of ____.
L3
the fetal testicles normally descend into the scrotum between ____ and ____ weeks gestation.
26 and 34
if you're at the level of the bladder, what section of the spine will you see?
s-spine
the PTE and DFE will be seen at which weeks?
DFE at 33 weeks, PTE at 25 weeks
fetal sex organs are not fully developed until how many weeks?
16
the fetal stomach should be routinely visualized by which week?
14
fetal kidneys begin producing amniotic fluid around ____ weeks and completely take over fluid production by _____ weeks.
12, 16
the amnion and chorion should be completely fused by _____ weeks, otherwise there may be associated fetal structural or chromosomal abnormalities.
16. at the start of the 12th week the amnion and chorion begin to fuse and should be complete by week 14
twins will exhibit the same fetal growth pattern as a singleton pregnancy until about how many weeks?
30. twin growth rate will decrease in the last trimester compared to the growth rate of a fetus in a singleton pregnancy
the normal corpus luteal cyst seen with pregnancy begins to regress at ____ weeks and should be totally resolved by week ____.
14, 16
how many bones make up the fetal fingers?
3
as pregnancy advances, what echogenicity will the lungs be?
echogenic
what is the most anterior and posterior chambers of the heart?
most anterior is right ventricle, most posterior is left atrium
post-partum period usually lasts ____ weeks
6 to 8 weeks
what is the lateral bone of the forearm called?
radius. remember the anatomic position is assumed so it is not the ulna
when should the corpus callosum be fully formed by?
18 weeks
the cisterna magna is considered enlarged if it measures more than ____.
10 mm
the fetal bladder can be visualized as early as ___ weeks and must be identified by week ___. the bladder is more easily visualized than the early kidneys, therefore it can be identified earlier
10, 13
What is Meckel's diverticulum?
refers to when the the yolk sac persists into adult life as a diverticulum in the ileum portion of the bowel
what do the fetal umbilical arteries branch from?
the fetal internal iliac arteries
when should peristalsis of the fetal bowel normally be identified?
late in the 2nd trimester
fetal kidneys can be identified as early as ___ weeks and the bladder as early as ____ weeks.
12, 10
greater than ____ mm thick membrane indicates dichorionic twins. less than ____ mm thick membrane indicated monochorionic twins
2, 2
the functional unit of the placenta is the _____.
cotyledon. a placenta has 15 to 30 cotyledons
if the normal cranium is not identified by the end of week _____, cranial abnormalities should be suspected
15
what two fetal structures produce AFP?
fetal yolk sac and liver
what type of waveform (resistance and velocity) will a uterine artery have in a gravid uterus?
low resistance, average velocity...basically monophasic because of increased arterial flow needs
average normal heart rate in a 2nd trimester fetus
120-160 BPM
the ratio of kidney diameter to the abdominal diameter should stay between ____ to _____ for the entire pregnancy.
0.23 to 0.27
up until how many weeks gestation does the chorion, amnion and placenta produce amniotic fluid?
16 weeks
the thickness of the placenta in millimeters should = _________.
the weeks in gestation + 10 mm
the ovary is found in the fossa of ______.
waldeyer
non-dominant follicles normally do not exceed ____mm
11
the term for a woman who has already delivered 5 or more infants who have achieved a gestational age of 24 weeks or more
grand multiparity
what does great grand multiparity refer to?
a woman who has delivered 10 or more infants who have acheived a gestational age of 24 weeks or more. these women are at an increased risk of complications, such as placental previa and accreta, hemorrhage, uterine rupture, dysfunctional labor or malpresentation
the ureter and iliac artery course _____ to the ovary
posterior
what type of flow does the normal ovary have?
low resistance, low velocity
what type of flow does the nulliparous uterus have?
high resistance, high velocity
does all the blood that feeds the uterus and ovaries come from the hypogastric artery?
no, the ovarian artery branches off the aorta
the dominant follicle normally reaches a maximum diameter of ____ just prior to ovulation
2.5 cm
ovarian follicles grow at a rate of _____ per day.
2 to 3 mm
what uterine ligaments are composed of peritoneum?
the broad and suspensory
the ____ arteries supply the functional layer and the _____ arteries supply the basal layer of the endometrium.
spiral supply the functionalis, straight supply the basal
the uterine artery branches from the anterior or posterior branch of the internal iliac artery?
anterior [Show Less]