Chapter 01: Science and the Therapeutic Use of Self in Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing
Varcarolis: Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: A
... [Show More] Communication Approach to Evidence-Based Care, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which outcome, focused on recovery, would be expected in the plan of care for a client living in the community and diagnosed with serious and persistent mental illness? Within 3 months, the client will demonstrate what behavior?
a. Denying suicidal ideation
b. Reporting a sense of well-being
c. Taking medications as prescribed
d. Attending clinic appointments on time
RESPONSE: B
Recovery emphasizes managing symptoms, reducing psychosocial disability, and improving role performance. The goal of recovery is to empower the individual with mental illness to achieve a sense of meaning and satisfaction in life and to function at the highest possible level of wellness. The incorrect options focus on the classic medical model rather than recovery.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying) TOP: Nursing Process: Outcomes Identification MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance
2. A client is hospitalized for depression and suicidal ideation after their spouse asks for a divorce. Select the caregiver‘s most caring comment.
a. ―Let‘s discuss healthy meRESPONSE of coping when you have suicidal feelings.‖
b. ―I understand why you‘re so depressed. When I got divorced, I was devastated too.‖
c. ―You should forget about your marriage and move on with your life.‖
d. ―How did you get so depressed that hospitalization was necessary?‖
RESPONSE: A
The caregiver‘s communication should evidence caring and a commitment to work with the client. This commitment lets the client know the caregiver will help. Probing and advice are nothelpful for therapeutic interventions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
3. In the shift-change report, an off-going caregiver criticizes a client who wears extremely heavymakeup. Which comment by the caregiver who receives the report best demonstrates advocacy?
a. ―This is a psychiatric hospital, so we expect our clients to behave bizarrely.‖
b. ―Let‘s all show acceptance of this client by wearing lots of makeup too.‖
c. ―Your comments are inconsiderate and inappropriate. Keep the report objective.‖
d. ―Our clients need our help to learn behaviors that will help them get along in society.‖
RESPONSE: D
Accepting clients‘ needs for self-expression and seeking to teach skills that will contribute to their well-being demonstrate respect and are important parts of advocacy. The on-coming caregiver needs to take action to ensure that others are not prejudiced against the client.
Humor can be appropriate within the privacy of a shift report but not at the expense of respect for clients. Judging the off-going caregiver in a critical way will create conflict. Caregivers must show compassion for each other.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Safe, Effective Care Environment
4. A caregiver assesses a newly admitted client diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Whichstatement is an example of ―attending‖?
a. ―We all have stress in life. Being in a psychiatric hospital is not the end of the world.‖
b. ―Tell me why you felt you had to be hospitalized to receive treatment for your depression.‖
c. ―You will feel better after we get some antidepressant medication started for you.‖
d. ―I‘d like to sit with you for a while, so you may feel more comfortable talking with me.‖
RESPONSE: D
Attending is a technique that demonstrates the caregiver‘s commitment to the relationship and reduces feelings of isolation. This technique shows respect for the client and demonstratescaring. Generalizations, probing, and false reassurances are nontherapeutic.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
5. A client shows the caregiver an article from the Internet about a health problem. Which characteristic of the website‘s address most alerts the caregiver that the site may have biased andprejudiced information?
a. Address ends in ―.org.‖
b. Address ends in ―.com.‖
c. Address ends in ―.gov.‖
d. Address ends in ―.net.‖
RESPONSE: B
Financial influences on a site are a clue that the information may be biased. ―.com‖ at the end of the address indicates that the site is a commercial one. ―.gov‖ indicates that the site is maintained by a government entity. ―.org‖ indicates that the site is nonproprietary; the site may or may not have reliable information, but it does not profit from its activities. ―.net‖ can have multiple meanings.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension (Understanding) TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance
6. A caregiver says, ―When I was in school, I learned to call upset clients by name to get their attention; however, I read a descriptive research study that says that this approach does notwork. I plan to stop calling clients by name.‖ Which statement is the best appraisal of thiscaregiver‘s comment?
a. One descriptive research study rarely provides enough evidence to change practice.
b. Staff caregivers apply new research findings only with the help from clinical caregiverspecialists.
c. New research findings should be incorporated into clinical algorithms before using them in practice.
d. The caregiver misinterpreted the results of the study. Classic tenets of practice do notchange.
RESPONSE: A
Descriptive research findings provide evidence for practice but must be viewed in relation to other studies before practice changes. One study is not enough. Descriptive studies are low on the hierarchy of evidence. Clinical algorithms use flowcharts to manage problems and do not specify one response to a clinical problem. Classic tenets of practice should change as research findings provide evidence for change.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis (Analyzing) TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance
7. Two nursing students discuss career plRESPONSE after graduation. One student wantsto enter psychiatric nursing. The other student asks, ―Why would you want to be a psychiatric caregiver?All they do is talk. You will lose your skills.‖ Select the best response bythe student interested in psychiatric nursing.
a. ―Psychiatric caregivers‘ practice in safer environments than other specialties and caregiver-to-client ratios are better because of the nature of clients‘ problems.‖
b. ―Psychiatric caregivers use complex communication skills, as well as critical thinking, to solve multidimensional problems. I‘m challenged by those situations.‖
c. ―I think I will be good in the mental health field. I do not like clinical rotations in school, so I do not want to continue them after I graduate.‖
d. ―Psychiatric caregivers do not have to deal with as much pain and suffering as medical-surgical caregivers. That appeals to me.‖
RESPONSE: B
The practice of psychiatric nursing requires a different set of skills than medical-surgical nursing, although substantial overlap does exist. Psychiatric caregivers must be able to help clients with medical and mental health problems, reflecting the holistic perspective these caregivers must have. Caregiver–client ratios and workloads in psychiatric settings have increased,similar to other specialties. Psychiatric nursing involves clinical practice, not simply documentation. Psychosocial pain is real and can cause as much suffering as physical pain.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Safe, Effective Care Environment
8. Which research evidence would most influence a group of caregivers to change their practice?
a. Expert committee report of recommendations for practice
b. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials
c. Nonexperimental descriptive study
d. Critical pathway
RESPONSE: B
Research findings are graded using a hierarchy of evidence. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials is level A and provides the strongest evidence for changing practice. Expert committee recommendations and descriptive studies lend less powerful and influential evidence. A critical pathway is not evidence; it incorporates research findings after they have been analyzed.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension (Understanding) TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Safe, Effective Care Environment
9. A bill introduced in Congress would reduce funding for the care of people diagnosed with mental illnesses. A group of caregivers write letters to their elected representatives in oppositionto the legislation. Which role have the caregivers fulfilled?
a. Advocacy
b. Attending
c. Recovery
d. Evidence-based practice
RESPONSE: A
An advocate defends or asserts another‘s cause, particularly when the other person lacks the ability to do that for him or herself. Examples of individual advocacy include helping clients understand their rights or make decisions. On a community scale, advocacy includes political activity, public speaking, and publication in the interest of improving the individuals with mental illness; the letter-writing campaign advocates for that cause on behalf of clients who are unable to articulate their own needs.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension (Understanding)
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Safe, Effective Care Environment
10. An informal group of clients discuss their perceptions of nursing care. Which comment best indicates a client‘s perception that his or her caregiver is caring?
a. ―My caregiver always asks me which type of juice I want to help me swallow my medication.‖
b. ―My caregiver explained my treatment plan to me and asked for my ideas about how to make it better.‖
c. ―My caregiver told me that if I take all the medicines the doctor prescribes, I will get discharged soon.‖
d. ―My caregiver spends time listening to me talk about my problems. That helps me feel like I‘m not alone.‖
RESPONSE: D
Caring evidences empathic understanding as well as competency. It helps change pain and suffering into a shared experience, creating a human connection that alleviates feelings of isolation. The incorrect options give examples of statements that demonstrate advocacy or giving advice.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying) TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
11. A client who immigrated to the United States from Honduras was diagnosed with schizophrenia. The client took an antipsychotic medication for 3 weeks but showed no improvement. Which resource should the treatment team consult for information on more effective medications for this client?
a. Clinical algorithm
b. Clinical pathway
c. Clinical practice guideline
d. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
(ICD)
RESPONSE: A
A clinical algorithm is a guideline that describes diagnostic and/or treatment approaches drawn from large databases of information. These guidelines help the treatment team make decisions cognizant of an individual client‘s needs, such as ethnic origin, age, or gender. A clinical pathway is a map of interventions and treatments related to a specific disorder.
Clinical practice guidelines summarize best practices about specific health problems. The ICD classifies diseases.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying) TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Safe, Effective Care Environment
12. A team of caregivers wants to integrate evidence-based practice into a facility‘s clinical pathways.Which step should the team implement first?
a. Acquire findings from published literature.
b. Apply the research findings to clinical practice.
c. Assess the outcomes of using new research findings.
d. Ask questions to identify clinical problems that should be changed.
RESPONSE: D
Integrating evidence-based practice is a multistep process rather than a single change event. The first step is to identify clinical problems that should be changed. Each step must proceed in order when integrated into a clinical environment.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying) TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Safe, Effective Care Environment
13. A caregiver consistently strives to demonstrate caring behaviors during interactions with clients.Which reaction reported by a client indicates this caregiver is most effective?
a. Feeling less distrustful of others
b. Sensing a connection with others
c. Experiencing only minimal uneasiness about the future
d. Being somewhat encouraged with efforts to improve
RESPONSE: B
A client is likely to respond most to caring with a sense of connectedness with others. The absence of caring can make clients feel some degree of distrustful, disconnection, unease, and discouragement.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension (Understanding) TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. An experienced caregiver says to a new graduate, ―When you‘ve practiced as long as I have, you will instantly know how to take care of psychotic clients.‖ What is the new graduate‘s best analysis of this comment? (Select all that apply.)
a. The experienced caregiver may have lost sight of clients‘ individuality, which maycompromise the integrity of practice.
b. New research findings must be continually integrated into a caregiver‘s practice toprovide the most effective care.
c. Experience provides mental health caregivers with the tools and skills needed foreffective professional practice.
d. Experienced psychiatric caregivers have learned the best ways to care for psychoticclients through trial and error.
e. Effective psychiatric caregivers should be continually guided by an intuitive sense ofclients‘ needs.
RESPONSE: A, B
Evidence-based practice involves using research findings to provide the most effective nursing care. Evidence is continually emerging; therefore, caregivers cannot rely solely on experience. The effective caregiver also maintains respect for each client as an individual.Overgeneralization compromises that perspective. Intuition and trial and error are unsystematic approaches to care.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying) TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Safe, Effective Care Environment
2. Which client statements identify qualities of nursing practice with high therapeutic value?
―My caregiver: (Select all that apply.)
a. ―The caregivers talk in language I can understand.‖
b. ―The nursing staff helps me keep track of my medications.‖
c. ―My caregiver is willing to go to social activities with me.‖
d. ―The staff lets me do whatever I choose without interfering.‖
e. ―My caregivers look at me as a whole person with different needs.‖
RESPONSE: A, B, E
Each correct RESPONSEwer demonstrates caring is an example of appropriate nursing foci: communicating at a level understandable to the client, using holistic principles to guide care,and providing medication supervision. The incorrect options suggest a laissez-faire attitude onthe part of the caregiver when the caregiver should instead provide thoughtful feedback and help clients test alternative solutions or violate boundaries.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
Chapter 02: Mental Health and Mental Illness
Varcarolis: Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: A Communication Approach to Evidence-Based Care, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. An 86 year old, previously healthy and independent, falls after an episode of vertigo. Which statement made by this client best demonstrates resilience?
a. ―I knew this would happen eventually.‖
b. ―Attending my weekly water aerobics class is too risky.‖
c. ―I don‘t need that silly walker to get around by myself.‖
d. ―Maybe some physical therapy will help me with my balance.‖
RESPONSE: D
Resiliency is the ability to recover from or adjust to misfortune and change. The correct response indicates that the client is hopeful and thinking positively about ways to adapt to the vertigo. Saying ―I knew this would happen eventually‖ and discontinuing healthy activities suggest a hopeless perspective on the health change. Refusing to use a walker indicates denial.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis (Analyzing)
TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
2. Which basic intervention should a psychiatric mental health caregiver plan to provide for a clientdiagnosed with a mood disorder?
a. Sharing clinical expertise to enhance client treatment
b. Performing individual or group psychotherapy for the client
c. Using appropriate diagnostic tests to monitor client condition
d. Conducting stress reduction and health maintenance classes
RESPONSE: D
Conducting stress reduction and health maintenance classes is the basic intervention that should be performed by a psychiatric mental health caregiver. These classes will provide individualized guidance to clients to prevent or reduce mental illness and improve mental health. Community screenings and stress management classes are examples of health maintenance classes. Consulting caregivers from other disciplines to share clinical expertise and enhance client treatment is an advanced practice psychiatric mental health nursing intervention. Performing individual and group psychotherapy and performing diagnostic tests like blood pressure, etc., are also advanced practice psychiatric mental health nursing interventions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying) TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
3. A client is admitted to the psychiatric hospital. Which assessment finding best indicates that the client has a mental illness? The client:
a. describes coping and relaxation strategies used when feeling anxious.
b. describes mood as consistently sad, discouraged, and hopeless.
c. can perform tasks attempted within the limits of own abilities.
d. reports occasional problems with insomnia.
RESPONSE: B
A client who reports having a consistently negative mood is describing a mood alteration that affects the ability to function optimistically. The incorrect options describe mentally healthy behaviors and common problems that do not indicate mental illness.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
4. The goal for a client is to increase resiliency. Which outcome should a caregiver add to the planof care to be achieved within 3 days?
a. Client describes feelings associated with loss and stress.
b. Client meet own needs before considering the rights of others.
c. Client will identify healthy coping behaviors in response to stressful events.
d. Client will allow others to assume responsibility for major areas of own life.
RESPONSE: C
The client‘s ability to identify healthy coping behaviors indicates adaptive, healthy behavior and demonstrates an increased ability to recover from severe stress. Describing feelings associated with loss and stress does not move the client toward adaptation. The remaining options are maladaptive behaviors.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis (Analyzing) TOP: Nursing Process: Outcomes Identification MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
5. A caregiver at a behavioral health clinic sees an unfamiliar psychiatric diagnosis on a client‘sinsurance form. Which resource should the caregiver consult to discern the criteria used to establish this diagnosis?
a. A psychiatric nursing textbook
b. NANDA International (NANDA-I)
c. A behavioral health reference manual
d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
RESPONSE: D
The DSM-5 gives the criteria used to diagnose each mental disorder. The NANDA-I focuses on nursing diagnoses. A psychiatric nursing textbook or behavioral health reference manual may not contain diagnostic criteria.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Analysis | Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: NCLEX: Safe, Effective Care Environment
6. A caregiver must assess several new clients at a community mental health center. Conclusionsconcerning current functioning should be made on the basis of what factor?
a. The degree of conformity of the individual to society‘s norms.
b. The degree to which an individual appears logical and rational.
c. A continuum from mentally healthy to mentally unhealthy.
d. The rate of their intellectual and emotional growth.
RESPONSE: C
Because mental health and mental illness are relative concepts, assessment of functioning is made by using a continuum. Mental health is not based on conformity; some mentally healthy individuals do not conform to society‘s norms. Most individuals occasionally display illogical or irrational thinking. The rate of intellectual and emotional growth is not the most useful criterion to assess mental health or mental illness.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis | Nursing Process: Analysis MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
7. A 40-year-old adult living with parents‘ states, ―I‘m happy but I don‘t socialize much. My work is routine. When new things come up, my boss explains them a few times to make sure I understand. At home, my parents make decisions for me, and I go along with them.‖ A caregiver should identify interventions to improve which client characteristic?
a. Self-concept
b. Overall happiness
c. Appraisal of reality
d. Control over behavior
RESPONSE: A
The client feels the need for multiple explanations of new tasks at work and, despite being 40 years of age, allows both parents to make all decisions. These behaviors indicate a poorly developed self-concept. Although the client reports being happy, the subsequent comments refute that self-appraisal. The client‘s comments do not indicate that he/she is out of touch with reality. The client‘s needs are broader than control over own behavior.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying) TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
8. A client tells a caregiver, ―I have psychiatric problems and am in and out of hospitals all the time. Not one of my friends or relatives has these problems.‖ What is the caregiver‘s best response?
a. ―Comparing yourself with others has no real advantages.‖
b. ―Why do you blame yourself for having a psychiatric illness?‖
c. ―Mental illness affects 50% of the adult population in any given year.‖
d. ―Are you are concerned that others don‘t experience the same challenges as you.‖
RESPONSE: D
Mental illness affects many people at various times in their lives. No class, culture, or creed is immune to the challenges of mental illness. The correct response also demonstrates the use of reflection, a therapeutic communication technique. It is not true that mental illness affects 50% of the population in any given year. Asking clients if they blame themselves is an example of probing.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
9. A critical care caregiver asks a psychiatric caregiver about the difference between a diagnosis in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and a nursing diagnosis. What is the psychiatric caregiver‘s best response?
a. ―No functional difference exists between the two diagnoses. Both serve to identify
a human deviance.‖
b. ―The DSM-5 diagnosis disregards culture, whereas the nursing diagnosis includes cultural variables.‖
c. ―The DSM-5 diagnosis profiles present distress or disability, whereas a nursing diagnosis considers past and present responses to actual mental health problems.‖
d. ―The DSM-5 diagnosis influences the medical treatment; the nursing diagnosis offers a framework to identify interventions for problems a client has or may experience.‖
RESPONSE: D
The medical diagnosis, defined according to the DSM-5, is concerned with the client‘s disease state, causes, and cures, whereas the nursing diagnosis focuses on the client‘s response to stress and possible caring interventions. Both the DSM-5 and a nursing diagnosis consider culture. Nursing diagnoses also consider potential problems.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Safe, Effective Care Environment
10. The partner of a client diagnosed with schizophrenia says, ―I don‘t understand why childhood experiences have anything to do with this disabling illness.‖ Which caregiver‘sresponse will best help the partner understand this condition?
a. ―Psychological stress is actually at the root of most mental disorders.‖
b. ―We now know that all mental illnesses are the result of genetic factors.‖
c. ―It must be frustrating for you that your spouse is sick so much of the time.‖
d. ―Research has shown schizophrenia has a biological rather than psychological origin.‖
RESPONSE: D
Many of the most prevalent and disabling mental disorders have been found to have strong biological influences. Helping the partner understand the importance of his or her role as a caregiver is also important. Empathy is important but does not increase the spouse‘s level of knowledge about the cause of the client‘s condition. Not all mental illnesses are the result of genetic factors. Psychological stress is not at the root of most mental disorders.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance
11. Which belief by a caregiver supports the highest degree of client advocacy during amultidisciplinary client care planning session?
a. All mental illnesses are culturally determined.
b. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are cross-cultural disorders.
c. Symptoms of mental disorders are constant from culture to culture.
d. Some symptoms of mental disorders may reflect a person‘s cultural patterns.
RESPONSE: D
A caregiver who understands that a client‘s symptoms are influenced by culture will be able toadvocate for the client to a greater degree than a caregiver who believes that culture is of little relevance. All mental illnesses are not culturally determined. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are cross-cultural disorders, but this understanding has little relevance to client advocacy. Symptoms of mental disorders change from culture to culture.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying) TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Safe, Effective Care Environment
12. A client‘s history shows intense and unstable relationships with others. The client initially idealizes an individual and then devalues the person when the client‘s needs are not met. Which aspect of mental health is a problem for this client?
a. Effectiveness in work
b. Communication skills
c. Productive activities
d. Maintaining relationships
RESPONSE: D
The information provided centers on relationships with others, which are described as intense and unstable. The relationships of mentally healthy individuals are stable, satisfying, and socially integrated. Data are not present to describe work effectiveness, communication skills, or activities.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
13. In the majority culture of the United States, which individual is at greatest risk to be incorrectly labeled mentally ill?
a. Person who is usually pessimistic but strives to meet personal goals.
b. Wealthy person who gives $20 bills to needy individuals in the community.
c. Person with an optimistic viewpoint about getting his or her own needs met.
d. Person who expresses strong beliefs about the existence of alien abductions.
RESPONSE: D
Possessing and expressing unpopular or unsubstantiated beliefs often suggests an individual is mentally unstable. In this situation, cultural norms vary, making it more difficult to make an accurate DSM-5 diagnosis. The individuals described in the other options are less likely to be labeled as mentally ill.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application (Applying)
TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
14. A participant at a community education conference asks, ―What is the most prevalent type of mental disorder in the United States?‖ What is the caregiver‘s best response?
a. ―Why do you ask?‖
b. ―Schizophrenia‖
c. ―Affective disorders‖
d. ―Anxiety disorders‖
RESPONSE: D
The prevalence for schizophrenia is 1.1% per year. The prevalence of all affective disorders (e.g., depression, dysthymic disorder, bipolar) is 9.5%. The prevalence of anxiety disorders is 18.1%.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension (Understanding)
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance
15. A caregiver wants to find a description of diagnostic criteria for a person diagnosed withschizophrenia. Which resource should the caregiver consult?
a. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
b. Journal of the American Psychiatric Association
c. North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I)
d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
RESPONSE: D
The DSM-5 identifies diagnostic criteria for psychiatric diagnoses. The other sources have useful information but are not the best resources for finding a description of the diagnostic criteria for a psychiatric disorder. [Show Less]