Details of Testbank Psychology 2nd Edition for OpenStax 9781975076450Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
... [Show More] ............................................................................................... 2 Chapter 2: Psychological Research ..................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 3: Biopsychology .................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 4: States of Consciousness ................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception .............................................................................................. 15 Chapter 6: Learning ........................................................................................................................ 19 Chapter 7: Thinking and IntelligenceReview Questions ..................................................................... 21 Chapter 8: Memory ......................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 9: Lifespan Development ................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 10: Emotion and Motivation .............................................................................................. 30 Chapter 11: PersonalityReview Questions ........................................................................................ 33 Chapter 12: Social PsychologyReview Questions ............................................................................... 37 Chapter 13: Industrial-Organizational Psychology .......................................................................... 41 Chapter 14: Stress, Lifestyle, and Health ......................................................................................... 43 Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders ............................................................................................... 46 Chapter 16: Therapy and Treatment............................................................................................... 50
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology Review Questions
1. Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychologystudents would beexposed?
2 | P a g eAnswer
D. all of the above
3.
In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) .
Answer
D. proposed explanation
5.
is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs.
Answer
C. Abraham Maslow
7.
The operant conditioning chamber (aka box) is a device used to study
theprinciples ofoperant conditioning.
Answer
A. Skinner
9.
An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) .
Answer
C. personality
11. A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited
for agiven job wouldmost likely identify as a(n) psychologist.
Answer
D. I-O
13. The
places less emphasis on research and more emphasis
onapplication oftherapeutic skills.
Answer
B. PsyD
15. One would need at least a(n)
Answer
3 | P a g e
degree to serve as a school psychologist.C. master’s
Critical Thinking Questions
17. Why do you think many people might be skeptical about psychology being a
science?
Answer
One goal of psychology is the study of the mind. Science cannot directly study the
mind,because it isnot a form of matter or energy. This might create some
skepticism about thescientific nature of psychology.
19.
In part, what aspect of psychology was the behaviorist approach to
psychology areaction to?
Answer
Behaviorists studied objectively observable behavior partly in reaction to the
psychologistsof the mindwho were studying things that were not directly observable.
21. What are the potential ethical concerns associated with Milgram’s
research onobedience?
Answer
Many people have questioned how ethical this particular research was. Although no
one was actually harmed in Milgram’s study, many people have questioned how the
knowledgethat you would be willingto inflict incredible pain and/or death to another
person, simply because someone in authority told you to do so, would affect
someone’s self-concept and psychological health. Furthermore, the degree to which
deception was used in this particular study raises a few eyebrows.
23. Other than a potentially greater salary, what would be the reasons an
individualwould continueon to get a graduate degree in psychology?
Answer
The graduate degree would be a stronger guarantee of working in a psychology-
related field and one would have greater control over the specialty of that work. It
4 | P a g ewould allow one to practice in a clinical setting. In general, it would allow
someone to work in a more independent or supervisory capacity.
Chapter 2: Psychological Research
Review Questions
1. Scientific hypotheses are
Answer
D. testable
3. Scientific knowledge is
Answer
B. empirical
5. Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-
depth interviews over anextended period of time with a few clients. This type of
research approach is known as a(n):
Answer
B. case study
7. The major limitation of case studies is .
Answer
.
and falsifiable.
.
9. Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as
Answer
D. archival research
11. A(n)
is a list of questions developed by a researcher that
can beadministered in paperform.
Answer
5 | P a g e
_.D. survey
13. Height and weight are positively correlated. This means
that:Answer
D. As height increases, typically weight increases.
15. Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number
ofhours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that
exam?
Answer
D. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.
17.
means that everyone in the population has the same
likelihood ofbeing asked toparticipate in the study.
Answer
D. random sampling
19. Researchers must
important concepts in their studies so others would
havea clearunderstanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.
Answer
C. operationalize
21.
is to animal research as
Answer
B. IACUC; IRB
23. A person’s participation in a research project must be .
Answer
C. voluntary
6 | P a g e
is to human research.Critical Thinking Questions
25. In this section, there was a discussion about researchers arriving at different
conclusions about the use of technology in certain student populations, with one
study determining that a smartphone app forsurgery students seemed effective, but
another study finding negative impacts on sleep, communication, and time
management resulting from the use of technology by undergraduates. How might an
educational leader best workthrough these discrepancies?
Answer
An educational leader may be able to focus resources and plans on the specific
programs until furtherresearch is conducted that provides insight that can be
appliedmore broadly.
27. In this section, conjoined twins, Krista and Tatiana, were described as being
potential participants in a case study. In what other circumstances would you think
that this particularresearch approach would be especially helpful and why?
Answer
Case studies might prove especially helpful using individuals who have rare
conditions. For instance, ifone wanted to study multiple personality disorder then
the case study approach with individuals diagnosed with multiple personality
disorder would be helpful.
29. Which of the research methods discussed would be best suited to study the
impact ofdiet andexercise on the prevalence of a disease such as diabetes? Why?
Answer
Longitudinal research would be an excellent approach in studying how dietary and
exercisehabits affect the risk of being diagnosed with diabetes because it would
follow subjects as they aged to determine how their choices regarding diet and
exercise affected the prevalence of diabetes.
31. Earlier in this section, we read about research suggesting that there is a
correlation between eating cereal and weight. Cereal companies that present this
7 | P a g einformation in theiradvertisements could lead someone to believe that eating more
cereal causes healthy weight. Why would they make such a claimand what
arguments could you make to counter this cause-and-effect claim?
Answer
The cereal companies are trying to make a profit, so framing the research findings in
this way would improve their bottom line. However, it could be that people who forgo
more fattyoptions for breakfastare health conscious and engage in a variety of other
behaviors that help them maintain a healthy weight.
33. Sometimes, true random sampling can be very difficult to obtain. Many
researchers make use of convenience samples as an alternative. For example, one
popular convenience sample would involve students enrolled in Introduction to
Psychology courses.What are the implications of using this samplingtechnique?
Answer
If research is limited to students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses, then
our ability to generalize to the larger population would be dramatically reduced. One
could also argue that students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses may not
be representativeof the larger population of college students at their school, much less
the larger general population.
35. Some argue that animal research is inherently flawed in terms of being ethical
because unlike human participants, animals do not consent to be involved in
research. Do you agreewith this perspective? Given that animals do not consent to be
involved in research projects, what sorts of extra precautions should be taken to
ensure that they receive the most humane treatment possible?
Answer
In general, the fact that consent cannot be obtained from animal research subjects
placesextra responsibility on the researcher to ensure that the animal is treated as
humanely aspossible and to respect the sacrifice that the animal is making for the
advancement of science. Like human research, theanimals themselves should also
receive some of the benefits of the research, and they do in the form ofadvanced
veterinary medicine, and so on.
Chapter 3: Biopsychology
Review Questions
8 | P a g e1. A(n)
is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence
of DNA.Answer
D. mutation
3.
is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression.
Answer
C. Epigenetics
5. The
Answer
D. dendrites
7. Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the .
Answer
B. myelin sheath
9. Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the
nervo
ussystem.
Answer
B. somatic
11. The central nervous system is comprised of
Answer
D. brain and spinal cord
13. The
.
receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons.
is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for
smell,goes beforebeing sent to other areas of the brain for further processing.
Answer
9 | P a g eD. thalamus
15. A(n)
uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue.
Answer
B. MRI
17. The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:
Answer
D. glucagon and insulin
19. The
gland secretes epinephrine.
Answer
A. adrenal
Critical Thinking Questions
21. The theory of evolution by natural selection requires variability of a given
trait. Whyis variabilitynecessary and where does it come from?
Answer
Variability is essential for natural selection to work. If all individuals are the same on
a giventrait, therewill be no relative difference in their reproductive success because
everyone will be equally adapted to their environments on that trait. Mutations are
one source of variability, but sexual reproduction is another important source of
variation given that individuals inherit half of their genetic makeup from each of
their parents.
23. Drugs such as lidocaine and novocaine act as Na+ channel blockers. In other
words, they prevent sodium from moving across the neuronal membrane. Why would
this particulareffect make these drugssuch effective local anesthetics?
Answer
The action potential is initiated by an influx of Na+ into the neuron. If this process is
10 | P a g eprevented, then no action potentials in neurons in a given area will occur. Therefore,
any painful stimuli would not result in action potentials carrying that information to
the brain.
25. Examine Figure 3.14, illustrating the effects of sympathetic nervous system
activation.
How would all of these things play into the fight or flight
response?Answer
Most of these effects directly impact energy availability and redistribution of key
resourcesand
heightened sensory capacity. The individual experiencing these effects would be
betterprepared to fightor flee.
27. Which of the techniques discussed would be viable options for you to determine
howactivity in thereticular formation is related to sleep and wakefulness? Why?
Answer
The most viable techniques are fMRI and PET because of their ability to
provideinformation about brainactivity and structure simultaneously.
29. Chemical messengers are used in both the nervous system and the endocrine
system. What properties do these two systems share? What properties are
different?Which one would be faster?Which one would result in long-lasting
changes?
Answer
Both systems involve chemical messengers that must interact with receptors in order
to have an effect. The relative proximity of the release site and target tissue varies
dramatically between the two systems.In neurotransmission, reuptake and enzymatic
breakdown immediately clear the synapse. Metabolism ofhormones must occur in the
liver.Therefore, while neurotransmission is much more rapid in signaling
information, hormonal signaling can persist for quite some time as the
concentrations of the hormone in the bloodstream vary gradually over time.
Chapter 4: States of Consciousness
11 | P a g eReview Questions 1. The body’s biological clock is located in the. Answer C. hypothalamus 3.
cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.
Answer B. circadian 5. Growth hormone is secreted by the while we sleep. Answer C. pituitary gland 7.
is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in
regulatingbiological rhythmsand immune function. Answer B. melatonin
9. is(are) described as slow-wave sleep.
Answer C. stage 3 and stage 4 11. Symptoms of [Show Less]