Details of Testbank Anatomy and Physiology 2nd Edition from Openstax College ISBN 9781711494067Chapter 1 1 Fatty acid catabolism. 3 X-rays.
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... [Show More] PET scans can indicate how patients are responding to chemotherapy.
6 C
8 A
10 D
12 C
14 C
16 C
18 C
20 D
22 D
24 D
26 C
28 An understanding of anatomy and physiology is essential for any career in the health
professions. It can also help you make choices that promote your health, respond
appropriately to signs of illness, make sense of health-related news, and help you in your
roles as a parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague, and caregiver.
30 Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
32 When you are sitting at a campfire, your sense of smell adapts to the smell of smoke.
Only if that smell were to suddenly and dramatically intensify would you be likely to
notice and respond. In contrast, the smell of even a trace of smoke would be new and
highly unusual in your residence hall, and would be perceived as danger.
34 In a sealed bottle of sparkling water, carbon dioxide gas is kept dissolved in the
water under a very high pressure. When you open the bottle, the pressure of the gas
above the liquid changes from artificially high to normal atmospheric pressure. The
dissolved carbon dioxide gas expands, and rises in bubbles to the surface. When a bottle
of sparkling water is left open, it eventually goes flat because its gases continue to move
out of solution until the pressure in the water is approximately equal to atmospheric
pressure.
36 The four components of a negative feedback loop are: stimulus, sensor, control center,
and effector. If too great a quantity of the chemical were excreted, sensors would activate
a control center, which would in turn activate an effector. In this case, the effector (the
secreting cells) would be adjusted downward.
38 If the body were supine or prone, the MRI scanner would move from top to bottom to
produce frontal sections, which would divide the body into anterior and posterior
2 | P a g eportions, as in “cutting” a deck of cards. Again, if the body were supine or prone, to
produce sagittal sections, the scanner would move from left to right or from right to left
to divide the body lengthwise into left and right portions.
be performed repeatedly.
Chapter 2
1 The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
3 The water hydrolyses, or breaks, the glycosidic bond, forming two monosaccharides.
4 D
6 A
8 B
10 C
12 B
14 A
16 C
18 A
20 B
22 D
24 B
26 A
28 B
30 D
32 B
33 These four elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—together make up
more than 95 percent of the mass of the human body, and the body cannot make
elements, so it is helpful to have them in consumables.
35 Magnesium’s 12 electrons are distributed as follows: two in the first shell, eight in the
second shell, and two in its valence shell. According to the octet rule, magnesium is
unstable (reactive) because its valence shell has just two electrons. It is therefore likely to
participate in chemical reactions in which it donates two electrons.
37 Water is a polar molecule. It has a region of weakly positive charge and a region of
weakly negative charge. These regions are attracted to ions as well as to other polar
3 | P a g emolecules. Oils are nonpolar,
and are repelled by water.
39 It is not. An exchange reaction might be AB + CD AC + BD or AB + CD AD + BC .
In allchemical reactions, including exchange reactions, the components of the reactants
are identicalto the components of the products. A component present among the
reactants cannot disappear, nor can a component not present in the reactants suddenly
appear in the products. 41 Lemon juice is one hundred times more acidic than orange
juice. This means that lemon juice has a one hundred-fold greater concentration of
hydrogen ions.
43 Maltose contains 12 atoms of carbon, but only 22 atoms of hydrogen and 11 atoms of
oxygen, because a molecule of water is removed during its formation via dehydration
synthesis.
Chapter 3
1 Higher temperatures speed up diffusion because molecules have more kinetic energy at
highertemperatures.
3 an enzyme
5 the spindle
6 B
8 C
10 D
12 A
14 A
16 C
18 A
20 C
22 C
24 B
26 B
28 C
30 Only materials that are relatively small and nonpolar can easily diffuse through the
lipid bilayer. Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are
packed together, and polar molecules are repelled by the hydrophobic/nonpolar lipids
that line the insideof the bilayer.
4 | P a g e32 These four phenomena are similar in the sense that they describe the movement of
substances down a particular type of gradient. Osmosis and diffusion involve the
movement of water and other substances down their concentration gradients,
respectively. Filtration describes the movement of particles down a pressure gradient,
and the movement of ions away from like charge describes their movement down their
electrical gradient.
34 Peroxisomes and lysosomes are both cellular organelles bound by lipid bilayer
membranes, and they both contain many enzymes. However, peroxisomes contain
enzymes that detoxify substances by transferring hydrogen atoms and producing H2O2,
whereas the enzymes in lysosomes function to break downand digest various unwanted
materials.
36 During cell division, one cell divides to produce two new cells. In order for all of the
cells in your body to maintain a full genome, each cell must replicate its DNA before it
divides so that a full genome can be allotted to each of its offspring cells. If DNA
replication did not take place fully, or at all, the offspring cells would be missing some or
all of the genome. This could be disastrous if a cell was missing genes necessary for its
function and health.
38 Transcription is really a “copy” process and translation is really an “interpretation”
process, because transcription involves copying the DNA message into a very similar RNA
message whereas translation involves converting the RNA message into the very different
amino acid message. The two processes also differ in their location: transcription occurs
in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm. The mechanisms by
which the two processes are performed are also completely different: transcription
utilizes polymerase enzymes to build mRNA whereas translation utilizes different kinds of
RNA to build protein.
40 A cyclin is one of the primary classes of cell cycle control molecules, while a cyclin-
dependent kinase (is one of a group of molecules that work together with cyclins to
determine progression past cell checkpoints. By interacting with many additional
molecules, these triggers push the cell cycle forward unless prevented from doing so by
“stop” signals, if for some reason the cell is not ready.
42 Embryonic stem cells derive from human embryos, which are destroyed to obtain the
cells. The destruction of human embryos is an ethical problem. And, the DNA in an
embryonic stem cell would differ from the DNA of the person being treated, which could
result in immune problems or rejected of tissue.
Chapter 4
1 Most somatic stem cells give rise to only a few cell types.
3 Skeletal muscle cells are striated. 5 Approximately one month.
7 C
9 B
11 A
5 | P a g e13 C
15 B
17 B
19 B
21 A
23 D
25 B
27 C
29 B
31 The four types of tissue in the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Epithelial tissue is made of layers of cells that cover the surfaces of the body that come
into contact with the exterior world, line internal cavities, and form glands. Connective
tissue binds the cells and organs of the body together and performs many functions,
especially in the protection, support, and integration of the body. Muscle tissue, which
responds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement, is divided into three major
types: skeletal (voluntary) muscles, smooth muscles, and the cardiac muscle in the heart.
Nervous tissue allows the body to receive signals and transmit information as electric
impulses from one region of the body to another.
33 Synovial membranes are a type of connective tissue membrane that supports mobility
in joints. The membrane lines the joint cavity and contains fibroblasts that produce
hyaluronan, which leads to the production of synovial fluid, a natural lubricant that
enables the bones of a joint to move freely against one another.
35 Blood is a fluid connective tissue, a variety of specialized cells that circulate in a
watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins in a liquid extracellular
matrix. Blood contains formed elements derived from bone marrow. Erythrocytes, or red
blood cells, transport the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. Leukocytes, or white blood
cells, are responsible for the defense of the organism against potentially harmful
microorganisms or molecules. Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting. Some
cells have the ability to cross the endothelial layer that lines vessels and enter adjacent
tissues. Nutrients, salts, and waste are dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported
through the body.
37 The cells in the dish are cardiomyocytes, cardiac muscle cells. They have an intrinsic
ability to contract. When they link up, they form intercalating discs that allow the cells to
communicate with each other and begin contracting in synchrony.
39 Neurons are well suited for the transmission of nerve impulses because short
extensions,
dendrites, receive impulses from other neurons, while a long tail extension, an axon,
carrieselectrical impulses away from the cell to other neurons.
6 | P a g e41 These symptoms would indicate that infection is present.
43 The genetic makeup and the lifestyle of each individual are factors which determine
thedegree of decline in cells, tissues, and organs as an individual ages.
Chapter 5
1 The epidermis provides protection, the dermis provides support and flexibility, and the
hypodermis (fat layer) provides insulation and padding.
3 Figure 5.6 These cells have desmosomes, which give the cells their spiny appearance.
5 D
7 C
9 C
11 D
13 B
15 A
17 C
19 C
21 C
23 B
25 The pigment melanin, produced by melanocytes, is primarily responsible for skin
color. Melanin comes in different shades of brown and black. Individuals with darker
skin have darker, more abundant melanin, whereas fair-skinned individuals have a
lighter shade of skin and less melanin. Exposure to UV irradiation stimulates the
melanocytes to produce and secrete more melanin.
27 Eccrine sweat glands are all over the body, especially the forehead and palms of the
hand. They release a watery sweat, mixed with some metabolic waste and antibodies.
Apocrine glands are associated with hair follicles. They are larger than eccrine sweat
glands and lie deeper in the dermis, sometimes even reaching the hypodermis. They
release a thicker sweat that is often decomposed by bacteria on the skin, resulting in an
unpleasant odor.
29 Sweating cools the body when it becomes warm. When the body temperature rises,
such as when exercising on a hot day, the dermal blood vessels dilate, and the sweat
glands begin to secrete more sweat. The evaporation of the sweat from the surface of
the skin cools the bodyby dissipating heat.
31 Acne results from a blockage of sebaceous glands by sebum. The blockage causes
7 | P a g eblackheads to form, which are susceptible to infection. The infected tissue then
becomes red and inflamed. Teenagers experience this at high rates because the sebaceous
glands become active during puberty. Hormones that are especially active during puberty
stimulate the release of sebum, leading in many cases to blockages.
Chapter 6
1 B
3 C
5 B
7 B
9 A
11 C
13 B
15 C
17 C
19 A
21 D
23 D
25 B
27 B
29 D
31 C
33 A
35 A
37 D
39 B
40 It supports the body. The rigid, yet flexible skeleton acts as a framework to support the
other organs of the body. It facilitates movement. The movable joints allow the skeleton to
change shape and positions; that is, move. It protects internal organs. Parts of the skeleton
enclose or partly enclose various organs of the body including our brain, ears, heart, and
lungs. Any trauma to these organs has to be mediated through the skeletal system. It
produces blood cells. The central cavity of long bones is filled with marrow. The red
marrow is responsible for forming red and white blood cells. It stores and releases
8 | P a g eminerals and fat. The mineral component of bone, in addition to providing hardness to
bone, provides a mineral reservoir that can be tapped as needed.
Additionally, the yellow marrow, which is found in the central cavity of long bones along
with red marrow, serves as a storage site for fat.
42 Structurally, the femur is a long bone, meaning its length is greater than its width,
while the patella, a sesamoid bone, is small and round. Functionally, the femur acts as a
lever, while the patella protects the patellar tendon from compressive forces.
44 The densely packed concentric rings of matrix in compact bone are ideal for resisting
compressive forces, which is the function of compact bone. The open spaces of the
trabeculated network of spongy bone allow spongy bone to support shifts in weight
distribution, which is the function of spongy bone.
46 A single primary ossification center is present, during endochondral ossification, deep
in the periosteal collar. Like the primary ossification center, secondary ossification centers
are present during endochondral ossification, but they form later, and there are two of
them, one in each epiphysis.
48 The internal callus is produced by cells in the endosteum and is composed of a
fibrocartilaginous matrix. The external callus is produced by cells in the periosteum and
consists of hyaline cartilage and bone.
50 Astronauts floating in space were not exerting significant pressure on their bones; they
were “weightless.” Without the force of gravity exerting pressure on the bones, bone mass
was lost. To alleviate this condition, astronauts now do resistive exercise designed to
apply forces to the bones and thus help keep them healthy.
52 Under “normal” conditions, receptors in the parathyroid glands bind blood calcium.
When the receptors are full, the parathyroid gland stops secreting PTH. In the condition
described, the parathyroid glands are not responding to the signal that there is sufficient
calcium in the blood and they keep releasing PTH, which causes the bone to release more
calcium into the blood. Ultimately, the bones become fragile and hypercalcemia can result.
Chapter 7
1 The sphenoid bone joins with most other bones of the skull. It is centrally located,
where it forms portions of the rounded brain case and cranial base.
3 Osteoporosis causes thinning and weakening of the vertebral bodies. When this occurs
in thoracic vertebrae, the bodies may collapse producing kyphosis, an enhanced anterior
curvature of the thoracic vertebral column. 5 The anterior longitudinal ligament is thickest
in the thoracic region of the vertebral column, while the supraspinous ligament is
thickest in the lumbar region.
7 D
9 B
11 B
13 A
15 D
9 | P a g e17 B 19 A 21 B 23 A 25 B
27 The axial skeleton forms the vertical axis of the body and includes the bones of the head, neck, back, and chest of the body. It consists of 80 bones that include the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones and includes all bones of the upperand lower limbs.
29 The brain case is that portion of the skull that surrounds and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the rounded top of the skull, called the calvaria, and the base of the skull. There are eight bones that form the brain case. These are the paired parietal and temporal bones, plus the unpaired frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial bones support the facial structures, and form the upper and lower jaws, nasal cavity, nasal septum, and orbit. There are 14 facial bones. These are the paired maxillary, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal [Show Less]