MODULE 9.1 1) Which of these might be an example of a performance item on the Wechsler tests of intelligence? a. repeating a series of digits b. defining
... [Show More] a word such as lunch c. using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture d. adding a series of orally presented numbers Answer: c Page Reference: 356 2) The Binet scale was originally developed to __________. a. identify children who might have difficulty in school b. identify gifted children c. measure scholastic achievement d. measure the intelligence of normal children Answer: a Page Reference: 354 1) Which of the following is the best psychological description for intelligence? a. how creative a person is b. how much a person knows c. how well a person can understand, reason, and cognitively adapt to obstacles d. how "street smart" a person is Correct: Intelligence is the ability to think, understand, reason, and cognitively adapt to and overcome obstacles. Thus, intelligence reflects not just how much you know, but how you recognize and solve problems. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. contact: royfields212@gmail.com 2) The average score on most IQ tests is a. 15. b. 100. c. 150. d. 500. Correct: For most intelligence tests, the norm or average score is 100. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 355 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 3) Francis has his intelligence tested and receives a score of 100. Given the norm for most intelligence tests, Francis' score is a. extremely below average. b. slightly below average. c. average. d. above average. Correct: For most intelligence tests, the norm or average score is 100. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 354–355 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 4) Misha receives a score of 115 on a standardized intelligence test. This indicates that Misha is _______ standard deviations __________ average. a. one; below b. one; above c. three; below. d. three; above. Correct: For most intelligence tests, the norm or average score is 100, with a standard deviation of 15. Therefore, a score of 115 is one standard deviation above the mean. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 5) Binet and Simon considered children behind in their schooling if their a. mental age equalled their chronological age. b. mental age were lower than their chronological age. c. mental age were higher than their chronological age. d. mental age did not equal their chronological age. Correct: Binet and Simon used the concept of mental age, the average or typical test score for a specific chronological age, to measure achievement. A child with a mental age lower than his or her actual (chronological) age would be considered behind in his or her schooling. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 6) Binet and Simon measured children using what new concept? a. divergent thinking b. mental set c. mental age d. creativity Correct: Binet and Simon used the concept of mental age, the average or typical test score for a specific chronological age, to measure academic achievement. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 7) Binet and Simon originally developed their famous test to a. identify children who might have difficulty in school. b. identify gifted children. c. measure the intelligence of adults. d. measure the intelligence of normal children. Correct: In 1904, the French government created the Commission on the Education of Retarded Children. As part of this commission, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed a method of assessing children's academic achievement at school, which was then used to identify students who would need extra assistance. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 8) ________, a professor of psychology at Stanford University, revised Binet and Simon's test so it could be used with American school children. a. William Stern b. Lewis Terman c. Henri Simon d. David Wechsler Correct: Lewis Terman at Stanford University had the achievement test developed by Binet and Simon translated to English and extended the test beyond school ages to include very highachieving adults. This modified test, published in 1916, was named the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 9) ________ devised a simple formula for calculating an index of intelligence, or intelligence quotient (IQ). a. Theo Simon b. Lewis Terman c. Franz Gall d. Louis Thurstone Correct: Terman adopted William Stern’s concept of the intelligence quotient, or IQ , a label that has stuck to the present day. IQ is calculated by taking a person’s mental age, dividing it by his chronological age, and then multiplying by 100. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 10) The formula that uses chronological age (CA) and mental age (MA) to calculate the intelligence quotient is: a. (MA ÷ CA) × 100. b. CA ÷ MA × 100. c. (MA × CA) ÷ 100. d. 100 ÷ (MA + CA). Correct: Terman adopted William Stern’s concept of the intelligence quotient, or IQ , a label that has stuck to the present day. IQ is calculated by taking a person’s mental age, dividing it by his chronological age, and then multiplying by 100. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 11) Who has the highest IQ? a. Clarissa, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 9. b. Matt, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 10. c. Cecilee, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 7. d. Morgan, with a mental age of 7 and a chronological age of 7. Correct: The original formula for calculating the intelligence quotient (IQ) was mental age ÷ chronological age × 100. Because Cecilee is the only one whose mental age is greater than her chronological age, she is the only one with an IQ greater than 100. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 12) Twelve-year-old Arnold received an IQ test score of 75. Using the original definition for IQ, what is his mental age? a. 9 b. 10 c. 5 d. 7 Correct: The original formula for calculating the intelligence quotient (IQ) was mental age ÷ chronological age × 100. Using this equation, a 12-year-old would have an IQ of 75 if his mental age were 9, (9 ÷ 12) = 0.75; 0.75 × 100 = 75. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 13) What is the IQ of a 10-year-old with a mental age of 8? a. 125 b. 80 c. 1.25 d. 0.8 Correct: The original formula for calculating the intelligence quotient (IQ) was mental age ÷ chronological age × 100. Using this equation, a 10-year-old with a mental age of 8 would have an IQ of 80, (8 ÷ 10) = 0.8; 0.8 × 100 = 80. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 14) Based on IQ score as calculated by Terman, a student with an IQ score of 120 is likely to answer IQ test questions like someone who is age _____, even though the student is _____. a. 10; 12 b. 12; 11 c. 10; 8 d. 12; 10 Correct: The original formula for calculating the intelligence quotient (IQ) was mental age ÷ chronological age × 100. Using this equation, a 10-year-old with a mental age of 12 would have an IQ of 120, (12 ÷ 10) = 1.2; 1.2 × 100 = 120. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 15) One of the odd twists in the history of psychology is that Binet and Simon's test started out as a way to measure____________, but was adapted by others into a measure of ________________. a. academic achievement; innate intelligence b. innate intelligence; academic achievement c. chronological age; mental age d. mental age; chronological age Correct: Binet had viewed his original test as a measure of achievement, not as a measure of an innate capacity. Nonetheless, the Stanford-Binet test, an adapted version of the original test, quickly came to be used as a measure of innate intelligence. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 16) What is the most commonly used intelligence for testing adolescents and adults? a. Standford-Binet b. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) c. Binet-Simon d. Raven's Progressive Matrices Correct: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is the most commonly used intelligence test used with adolescents and adults. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 17) The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale provides a Full Scale IQ measurement, but also breaks intelligence into which two indices? a. General Ability and Cognitive Proficiency b. Emotional Intelligence and Academic Intelligence c. Visual and Auditory d. Achievement and Aptitude Correct: The WAIS provides a single IQ score for each test taker—the Full Scale IQ—but also breaks intelligence into a General Ability Index (GAI) and a Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI). Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 355 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 18) Sam and Julie each scored 110 on the WAIS. Based on their scores, which is true? a. If Sam scored high in math, then Julie scored high in math. b. If Sam scored high in comprehension, then Julie scored high in comprehension. c. Two people with the same IQ score could have very different abilities. d. Two people with the same IQ score should have the same abilities. Correct: The Full Scale IQ score for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is computed from several indexes, which each measure different aspects of intelligence. Therefore, it is entirely possible that two people with the same Full Scale IQ have different scores on the various indexes. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 19) Zoe wants to test the IQ of a group of ESL students who do not speak any English. What test might you recommend to her? a. Stanford-Binet b. Raven's Progressive Matrices c. WAIS d. Binet-Simon Correct: Raven's Progressive Matrices is an intelligence test that emphasizes problems that are intended not to be bound to a particular language or culture. The other tests listed require knowledge of the test developer's language and culture to varying degrees. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355–356 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 20) Which of the following kinds of items would most likely be found on a culture-free IQ test? a. visual pattern completion b. sentence completion c. vocabulary recognition d. general information Correct: Culture-free tests attempt to measure intelligence in a way that is independent of culture and language. Test items that involve visual patterns and pictures are commonly used in culturefree tests, such as Raven's Progressive Matrices. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355–357 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 21) What is a dominant characteristic of culture-free IQ tests? a. Minimal verbal skills are required. b. They feature a large number of items pertaining to the test taker's culture. c. They offer a large percentage of math-based questions to reduce the strain on language. d. They are always administered orally. Correct: Culture-free tests attempt to measure intelligence in a way that is independent of culture and language. This means that culture-free tests tend to rely on minimal verbal skills. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355–357 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 22) The cousin of Charles Darwin who suggested that the unusual eminence of his own family was due to genetic gifts was a. Alfred Binet. b. James Cattell. c. Henri Simon. d. Sir Francis Galton. Correct: Sir Francis Galton used heredity to explain the eminence of his family, which included notable scholars such as his cousin, Charles Darwin. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 357–358 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the reasoning behind the eugenics movements and its use of intelligence tests. 23) Which of the following is representative of Sir Francis Galton's perspective on intelligence? a. Galton believed that intelligence was determined 50% by environment and 50% by genes. b. Galton placed a lot of stock in heredity and believed that genes significantly influenced intelligence. c. Galton was an environmentalist and believed that social factors significantly influenced intelligence. d. Galton believed that intelligence was a trait that changed significantly over time. Correct: Sir Francis Galton believed that intelligence was inherited, and was not determined by environmental factors. Because Galton believed that intelligence was not the result of factors such as practice and experience, he believed that it was a very stable trait. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 357–358 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the reasoning behind the eugenics movements and its use of intelligence tests. 24) Which researcher tried to measure intelligence by using perceptual tests? a. Alfred Binet b. Theodore Simon c. Sir Francis Galton d. Charles Spearman Correct: Sir Francis Galton became one of the first to try to scientifically measure intelligence through a program of research he called anthropometrics. Specifically, he presented a series of perceptual tests to hundreds of people. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 353 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 25) According to your textbook, researchers have found a strong positive relationship between intelligence and ________________. a. working memory capacity b. visual acuity c. typing speed d. schizophrenia Correct: Greater working memory capacity and processing speed allow more cognitive resources to be devoted to reasoning and solving problems. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 26) Which of the following is true about the relationship between the brain and intelligence scores? a. Brain size, but not the degree of convolution, is correlated with intelligence scores. b. The degree of convolution, but not brain size, is correlated with intelligence scores. c. Both the size and degree of convolution of the cortex are correlated with intelligence scores. d. Neither the size, nor the degree of convolution of the cortex, are correlated with intelligence scores. Correct: The size of the cortex and increased convolutions (gyri) are associated with higher intelligence scores. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 381 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence. 27) Which of the following was true about the brain of Albert Einstein? a. It was heavier than the average human brain. b. It was smaller and lighter than the average human brain. c. Its weight was average for a human brain. d. It was never studied. Correct: The average human brain is between 1300 and 1400 grams. Einstein's brain measured 1230 grams. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 377 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence. 28) Which of the following best describes the relationship between a person's brain size, and his or her intelligence? a. There is no relationship between brain size and intelligence. b. Brain size is correlated with intelligence, but the relationship is complicated and poorly understood. c. Large brain size is a consistent predictor of high intellectual ability. d. Small brain size is a consistent predictor of high intellectual ability. Correct: While brain size is moderately correlated with intelligence, other factors may account for individual differences. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 381 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence. 29) Who was the inventor of the statistical technique called factor analysis, a method that compares results of different correlational measures to identify patterns, or "factors," among them? a. Alfred Binet b. Henri Simon c. Sir Francis Galton d. Charles Spearman Correct: Charles Spearman developed techniques to calculate correlations among multiple measures of mental abilities. One of these techniques, known as factor analysis, is a statistical technique that reveals similarities among a wide variety of items. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 365 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 30) Who would have supported the notion that intelligence resulted from a single ability and could be represented by a single test score? a. Gardner b. Spearman c. Sternberg d. Thurstone Correct: Charles Spearman hypothesized the existence of a general intelligence (g), which could be represented by a single test score. In contrast, many other researchers have suggested the existence of separate or multiple intelligences. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 365 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 31) According to Spearman, it is one's ________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between math, reading scores, and visual perception tests. a. general b. emotional c. crystallized d. fluid Correct: Charles Spearman hypothesized the existence of a general intelligence (g). Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 365 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 32) Ms. Bouvier is a first grade teacher. She has just given Chelsea a reading test. Chelsea scored very high in word recognition, so Ms. Bouvier assumes she will score high on the rest of the test. It is clear that Ms. Bouvier believes in the ____________ factor of intelligence. a. g b. s c. a d. r Correct: Charles Spearman hypothesized the existence of a general intelligence (abbreviated as g)—a concept that intelligence is a basic cognitive trait comprising the ability to learn, reason, and solve problems regardless of their nature. According to this concept, a person who was good at reading, would also be good at a number of tasks, because they would all be determined by the same factor (i.e., g). Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 365 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 33) Terence is a skilled musician, writer, computer programmer, and problem solver. The fact that Terence is good at so many diverse activities supports the notion of _____________ intelligence. a. modal b. transferable c. triarchic d. general Correct: Charles Spearman hypothesized the existence of a general intelligence (abbreviated as g)—a concept that intelligence is a basic cognitive trait comprising the ability to learn, reason, and solve problems regardless of their nature. According to this concept, a person who was good at one cognitive task, would also be good at a number of tasks, because they would all be determined by the same factor (i.e., g). Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 365 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 34) Because Ken's history professor was a college student during the 1970s, he has extraordinary insight and knowledge of facts concerning the Vietnam War era. This knowledge is associated with the term a. crystallized intelligence. b. fluid intelligence. c. general intelligence. d. multiple intelligence. Correct: Crystallized intelligence (Gc), is a form of intelligence that relies on extensive experience and knowledge and, therefore, tends to be relatively stable and robust. In this example, the history professor's knowledge and insight into the Vietnam War era is a form of Gc. In contrast, fluid intelligence (Gf), is a type of intelligence that is used to adapt to new situations and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 369 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 35) Brandon can name all 50 U.S. states and capitals. Which type of intelligence is he relying most on? a. semantic b. fluid c. crystallized d. static Correct: Crystallized intelligence (Gc) is a form of intelligence that relies on extensive experience and knowledge and, therefore, tends to be relatively stable and robust. In contrast, fluid intelligence (Gf) is a type of intelligence that is used to adapt to new situations and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 369 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 36) Megan is very good at solving problems, even though she has had very little formal training. For example, Megan was able to solve the difficult Rubik's Cube puzzle the first time she tried. Megan clearly has a high degree of ____________ intelligence. a. semantic b. fluid c. crystallized d. static Correct: Fluid intelligence (Gf) is a type of intelligence that is used to adapt to new situations and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge. In contrast, crystallized intelligence (Gc) is a form of intelligence that relies on extensive experience and knowledge and, therefore, tends to be relatively stable and robust. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 369 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 37) ____________ intelligence allows people to solve problems that they have not previously experienced, while _____________ intelligence involves applying previous experience and knowledge to solving a problem. a. Crystallized; fluid b. Fluid; crystallized c. Analytical; practical d. Practical; analytical Correct: Fluid intelligence (Gf) is a type of intelligence that is used to adapt to new situations and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge. In contrast, crystallized intelligence (Gc) is a form of intelligence that relies on extensive experience and knowledge and, therefore, tends to be relatively stable and robust. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 369 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 38) Vocabulary tests primarily measure ________________ intelligence. a. crystallized b. fluid c. creative d. existential Correct: Crystallized intelligence (Gc) is a form of intelligence that relies on extensive experience and knowledge and, therefore, tends to be relatively stable and robust. Vocabulary tests measure Gc because they test for prior knowledge (i.e., the meaning of words). Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 369 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 39) It is generally the case that most great scientists have their ground-breaking ideas when they are in early to middle adulthood, but rarely when they are older. What might explain this fact? a. The brain shrinks with age. b. General intelligence declines steeply after middle adulthood. c. Fluid intelligence peaks in middle adulthood, and then declines in later life. d. Crystallized intelligence peaks in middle adulthood, and then declines in later life. Correct: Crystallized intelligence tends to increase throughout life, but fluid intelligence peaks around early to middle adulthood. Because making ground-breaking discoveries can require problem solving that requires new ways of thinking, not just acquired knowledge, this is likely the reason scientific breakthroughs decline with age. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 369–370 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 40) Which of the following typically happens to crystallized intelligence as healthy adults age? a. Crystallized intelligence peaks at middle age and then declines. b. Crystallized intelligence is slowly replaced by fluid intelligence. c. Crystallized intelligence remains stable or increases with experience. d. Crystallized intelligence steadily declines throughout the lifespan. Correct: Fluid intelligence peaks around early to middle adulthood and then declines. In contrast, crystallized intelligence tends not to decrease in healthy adults, and may even increase with experience. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 369–370 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 41) Which of the following is a healthy older adult most likely to do as well—or even better than —a younger adult? a. pattern recognition b. a geometric puzzle c. a vocabulary test d. a timed problem-solving task Correct: Fluid intelligence peaks around early to middle adulthood and then declines. In contrast, crystallized intelligence tends not to decrease in healthy adults, and may even increase with experience. Vocabulary tests primarily measure crystallized intelligence, whereas the other options involve fluid intelligence. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 369–370 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 42) Which of the following is a younger adult most likely to do better than a healthy older adult? a. naming the capitals of provinces b. solving a geometric puzzle c. defining vocabulary words d. calculating the area of a circle from the length of the radius Correct: Fluid intelligence peaks around early to middle adulthood and then declines. In contrast, crystallized intelligence tends not to decrease in healthy adults, and may even increase with experience. Solving a geometric puzzle relies on fluid intelligence, whereas the other options rely primarily on crystallized intelligence. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 369–370 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 43) Janet has an IQ score that is much lower than average and has been diagnosed as having a form of autism. Despite her disabilities, Janet can perform incredible feats of mental arithmetic, including finding the square root of five-digit numbers without a calculator or paper and pencil! Janet would be classified as a a. kinetic learner. b. crystallized thinker. c. fluid thinker. d. savant. Correct: Savants are individuals with low mental capacity in most domains but extraordinary abilities in other specific areas such as music, mathematics, or art. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 364 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 44) Which of the following does NOT support the idea of multiple intelligences? a. Head injury can lead to the loss of one ability but not others. b. People who score highly on intelligence tests often excel in a number of areas. c. Intelligent people vary a great deal in terms of physical, social, and artistic skills. d. Savants may have low mental capacities, but excel at specific abilities. Correct: The fact that high intelligence scores often predict a person will excel in a number of different areas supports the concept of general intelligence, not multiple intelligences. All of the other options support the existence of distinct intelligences. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 365–367 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 45) What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? a. global, intuitive, and special b. general, global, and specific c. mathematical, reasoning, and verbal d. analytical, creative, and practical Correct: Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory is a model of intelligence consisting of three domains: analytical intelligence, practical intelligence, and creative intelligence. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 371 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 46) According to Robert Sternberg, ____________ is the ability to come up with new ways of solving problems. a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. general intelligence Correct: According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, creative intelligence is the ability to create new ideas to solve problems. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 371 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply your knowledge to identify examples from the triarchic theory of intelligence. 47) According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as the ability to use information to address real-world problems. a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. general intelligence Correct: According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, practical intelligence is the ability to address real-world problems that are encountered in daily life, especially those that occur in an individual's specific work context and family life. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 371 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply your knowledge to identify examples from the triarchic theory of intelligence. 48) According to Sternberg's theory, which statement is true? a. Creative intelligence is similar to crystallized intelligence. b. Practical intelligence involves our ability to use original thinking to solve problems. c. Analytical intelligence is similar to Spearman's g factor of intelligence. d. Practical intelligence is similar to Gardner's naturalistic intelligence. Correct: Analytical intelligence is the verbal, mathematical problem-solving type of intelligence that probably comes to mind when we speak of intelligence. It is close to the concept of academic achievement and the notion of intelligence as measured by g. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 365, 371 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 49) According to Sternberg, ________ intelligence is akin to what most people think of when they think of the term intelligence. a. analytical b. creative c. practical d. fluid Correct: Analytical intelligence is the verbal, mathematical problem-solving type of intelligence that probably comes to mind when we speak of intelligence. It is close to the concept of academic achievement and the notion of intelligence as measured by g. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 371 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 50) Frank doesn't necessarily have a high IQ as measured on standardized intelligence tests, but he is well aware of his strengths and weaknesses. He chooses jobs that suit his strengths and is particularly skilled at adapting to any changes in his environment. Frank likely has high ________ intelligence as defined in the triarchic theory. a. creative b. analytical c. experiential d. practical Correct: According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, practical intelligence is the ability to address real-world problems that are encountered in daily life, especially those that occur in an individual's specific work context and family life. In this example, Frank's ability to choose jobs that suit his abilities and adapt to changes in his life indicates a high degree of practical intelligence. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 371 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge to identify examples from the triarchic theory of intelligence. 51) A theory of intelligence with eight components was postulated by a. Gardner. b. Spearman. c. Sternberg. d. Terman. Correct: Howard Gardner proposed the concept of multiple intelligences, a model claiming that eight different forms of intelligence exist, each independent from the others. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 371–372 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 52) Gardner and his associates are known for proposing a. the generalized theory of intelligence. b. the triarchic theory of intelligence. c. the theory of multiple intelligences. d. the theory of emotional intelligence. Correct: Howard Gardner proposed the concept of multiple intelligences, a model claiming that eight different forms of intelligence exist, each independent from the others. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 53) According to Gardner, there are ________ types of intelligence. a. two b. four c. six d. nine Correct: Howard Gardner proposed the concept of multiple intelligences, a model claiming that eight (now updated to nine) different forms of intelligence exist, each independent from the others. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 54) Whose theory suggests that Tiger Woods's ability to hit a golf ball might be considered a form of intelligence? a. Spearman b. Galton c. Binet d. Gardner Correct: Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences holds that many different human abilities could be considered forms of intelligence, including linguistic, interpersonal, and bodilykinesthetic (as in Woods's case). Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 55) Which of these is one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences? a. poetic b. digital c. creative d. naturalist Correct: Naturalist intelligence—the ability to recognize and identify processes in the natural world—is one of Gardner's eight intelligences. The other options are not. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 56) Corrie is well liked by all her classmates. She has lots of friends and is always one of the first people chosen whenever there are group projects. According to Gardner, at which type of intelligence does Corrie likely excel? a. interpersonal b. intrapersonal c. naturalistic d. visuospatial Correct: Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to detect another person's emotional states, motives, and thoughts. In contrast, intrapersonal (self) intelligence involves self-awareness; the ability to accurately judge one's own abilities, and identify one's own emotions and motives. While both types of intelligences may contribute to the fact that Corrie is well liked, interpersonal intelligence is likely to be the most important. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 57) Marcos, a geology professor, has always been fascinated by the study of fossils, shells, and rock formations. According to Gardner, Marcos is strong in the area of ________ intelligence. a. kinesthetic b. naturalist c. visuospatial d. logical Correct: According to Gardner's concept of multiple intelligences, naturalistiintelligence is the ability to recognize and identify processes in the natural world—plants, animals, and so on. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 58) Mrs. Evergreen is an elementary school teacher. She tries to match her teaching style to the way in which each student seems to learn best. For example, she believes some of her students learn best when she illustrates ideas on the board, while other students appear to learn best when they perform hands-on actives. Mrs. Evergreen likely agrees with the existence of a. general intelligence. b. triarchic intelligence. c. the Flynn effect. d. learning styles. Correct: Learning styles are hypothetical ways in which individuals are fundamentally different in how they best acquire information. The most common sets of learning styles include divisions such as visual, auditory, reading/writing, and kinesthetic/tactile. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze whether teachers should spend time tailoring lessons to each individual student's learning style. 59) The hypothesis that individuals are fundamentally different in how they best acquire information is associated with the concept of a. learning styles. b. triarchic intelligence. c. the Flynn effect. d. general intelligence. Correct: Learning styles are hypothetical ways in which individuals are fundamentally different in how they best acquire information. The most common sets of learning styles include divisions such as visual, auditory, reading/writing, and kinesthetic/tactile. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze whether teachers should spend time tailoring lessons to each individual student's learning style. 60) Many studies have been done to investigate whether people learn better when the teaching method matches a specific learning style. What have these studies found? a. All individuals are either visual or kinesthetic learners. b. All individuals learn best when the teaching method is kinetic/tactile. c. The studies failed to find evidence that individuals have specific learning styles. d. The studies found evidence for at least four distinct learning styles. Correct: The idea that each individual has his or her own learning style might make intuitive sense, but finding evidence to support it has proved difficult. In fact, dozens of studies have failed to show any benefit for studying according to an individual's learning style; this is true even in large-scale reviews analyzing results of dozens of studies. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze whether teachers should spend time tailoring lessons to each individual student's learning style. 61) According to your textbook, how should teachers tailor their instruction styles to maximize learning? a. Teachers should tailor their teaching to fit the material. b. Teachers should tailor their teaching to match each individual student's learning style. c. Teachers should tailor their teaching to match the modal (i.e., most frequent) learning style found in their classroom. d. Teachers should tailor their teaching primarily towards reading/writing learners. Correct: Dozens of studies have failed to show any benefit for studying according to an individual's learning style; this is true even in large-scale reviews analyzing results of dozens of studies. As a result, it would not make sense for teachers to tailor their instructional styles to fit individual students. Instead, teachers should teach in ways that help their students deeply process material rather than merely committing it to memory without much understanding. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze whether teachers should spend time tailoring lessons to each individual student's learning style. 62) The ”Flynn effect” refers to a. the finding that IQ scores have stayed over time. b. the finding that IQ scores have steadily increased over time. c. the finding that IQ scores have steadily decreased over time. d. the finding that IQ scores are negatively correlated with education levels. Correct: The Flynn effect refers to the steady population-level increases in intelligence test scores over time. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 385 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 63) When researchers had the same individuals take an intelligence test that had been developed in 1978 and another test that had been developed in 1947, they found that a. they scored about 8 points higher on the newer test. b. they scored about 8 points higher on the older test. c. they scored about the same on both tests. d. some individuals scored higher on the old test, and some scored higher on the newer test. Correct: When participants took both the newer and older tests, they scored higher on the older test. Because each test was normed when it was developed so that a score of 100 was average, this suggests that average performance on intelligence tests increased over time. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 385 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 64) Henrietta's grandfather used to be a psychologist in the 1950s. While going through his old papers, Henrietta finds an old intelligence test that was tested and normed over fifty years earlier. Just for fun, Henrietta decides to take the test, which gives her an IQ of 110. Which of the following is true? a. She would probably receive a similar score from a more recent test. b. The score is probably too high, because the average score on the test when it was normed is lower than it would be today. c. The score is probably too low, because the average score on the test when it was normed was lower than it would be today. d. The score is probably too high, because the average score on the test when it was normed was higher than it would be today. Correct: When older intelligence tests are taken, individuals typically have higher IQs than they do on modern tests. This is because the average score on these tests was lower when they were normed. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 385 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 65) According to the Flynn effect, for at least several generations, a. the IQ scores of the children are higher than those of their parents. b. the IQ scores of the children are lower than those of their parents. c. the IQ scores of both children and parents have remained about the same. d. there is no correlation between the IQ scores of children and their parents. Correct: The Flynn effect refers to the steady population level increases in intelligence test scores over time. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 385 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 66) According to your textbook, which of the following is true regarding the population-level increases in intelligence test scores over time? a. The increase indicates that children today are actually smarter than their parents were. b. The increase is due to the fact that people are better test takers, not that they are smarter. c. The increase is an illusion created by the way intelligence tests are normed. d. The reasons for the increase are unclear, but may reflect the increased ability to process information quickly. Correct: It is unclear whether the Flynn effect is due to an actual increase in intelligence or simply an increase in test performance. One current theory suggests that exposure to technology has made recent generations better at processing information quickly. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 385 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 67) Which of the following is true concerning ”twin study” research findings? a. Identical twins and fraternal twins share similarly high IQ correlations. b. Fraternal twins have more similar IQ scores than identical twins. c. Identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins. d. Identical twins raised together have less similar scores than identical twins raised apart. Correct: Identical twins are more alike in intelligence than are fraternal twins. Specifically, identical twins' intelligence scores have a correlation of approximately .85 when they are raised together, and approximately .80 when raised apart. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 378–379 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence. 68) If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores? a. fraternal twins [Show Less]