1. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the practice of medicine in
Greece from 800 BC to 300 BC?
A) Greek culture stressed
... [Show More] natural causes for disease, a patient-centered approach, and the
necessity of accurate observations and record keeping.
B) Greek culture borrowed medical practices from the countries it conquered, and physicians
were often slaves.
C) Major and minor surgery, childrens diseases, and diseases of the nervous and urinary systems
were described in Greek culture.
D) Medicine men (known first as shamans and later as priests) were responsible for curing ills of
body and mind.
Ans: A
Client Needs: B
Cognitive Level: Comprehension
Difficulty: Moderate
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Objective: 1
dm and Header: 4, Table 1.1
Feedback: Hippocrates, born about 400 BC, was a Greek citizen who became known as the
Father of Modern Medicine. He emphasized natural causes for disease, a patient-centered
approach, and the necessity of accurate observations and record keeping. These priorities
influenced the practice of medicine both in Greece and beyond. Persia was known to utilize
slaves as physicians, and Rome borrowed medical practices from the countries it conquered.
Ancient India emphasized hygiene and prevention of sickness and described major and minor
surgery, childrens diseases, and diseases of the nervous and urinary systems. Medicine men were
characteristic of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.
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2. Florence Nightingale fostered the development of nursing as a profession. What was the basis
of her nursing theory?
A) The nurses role is to assist individuals (sick or well) to carry out those activities that they
would perform unaided if they had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge.
B) The goal of nursing is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him,
primarily by altering the environment.
C) The focus of nursing is the spiritual subjective aspects of both the nurse and the patient and
the caring moment relating to the time when the nurse and the patient first come together.
D) The focus of nursing is the care of human beings who are viewed as open systems in constant
interaction with their environments.
Ans: B
Client Needs: A-1
Cognitive Level: Analysis
Difficulty: Difficult
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Objective: 2
dm and Header: 21, Early Definitions of Nursing
Feedback: Florence Nightingale, in her Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not,
described the nurses role as one that would put the patient in the best condition for nature to act
upon him (Nightingale, 1954, p. 133), a definition that often is quoted today. This action was
prioritized over physically assisting the patient. Watson emphasized the spiritual subjective
aspects of the nurse and the patient, and the open systems concept is central to Kings theory of
nursing.
3. Which one of the following statements accurately describes an element of the process of
providing a definition of nursing?
A) Researchers can pinpoint the period in history when nursing first evolved.
B) Nurses agree on a single definition of nursing, partly because of the history of nursing.
C) There is an obvious distinction between nursing and medicine.
D) Nursing theorists developed definitions of nursing consistent with their conceptual
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frameworks.
Ans: D
Client Needs: A-1
Cognitive Level: Analysis
Difficulty: Moderate
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Objective: 7, 8
dm and Header: 23, Influences on the Definition of Nursing
Feedback: As nursing has grown into a true profession, many nursing theorists have developed
definitions of nursing consistent with their conceptual frameworks; these frameworks provide the
foundation for any given definition of nursing. The historical emergence of nursing did not take
place at one particular time, and there are multiple definitions of nursing. While nursing and
medicine indeed differ, the distinctions between the two professions are not always clear.
4. A nurse wishes to document nursing actions using a standardized language. Which of the
following systems might the nurse use?
A) NANDA International (NANDA-I)
B) Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)
C) Minimum Data Set for Nursing Home Resident Assessment and Care Screening (MDS)
D) Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC)
Ans: D
Client Needs: A-1
Cognitive Level: Application
Difficulty: Moderate
Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation
Objective: 12
dm and Header: 40, Nursing Interventions Classification
Feedback: Started in 1996 at the University of Iowa, the Nursing Interventions Classification
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(NIC) is a comprehensive, standardized language that describes actions that nurses perform in all
settings and in all specialties and includes both physiologic and psychosocial interventions.
NANDA and NOC provide standardized language for nursing diagnoses and outcomes. The
MDS is an assessment tool specific to long-term care settings.
5. An RN who practices in a community clinic recognizes the need for a standardized
classification and documentation system. Which of the following systems of nursing care
classification and documentation would best fit the RNs needs?
A) NANDA International (NANDA-I)
B) Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)
C) The Omaha System
D) Patient Care Data Set (PCDS)
Ans: C
Client Needs: A-1
Cognitive Level: Application
Difficulty: Difficult
Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation
Objective: 13
dm and Header: 41, The Omaha System
Feedback: The Omaha System is a research-based comprehensive practice documentation
standardized taxonomy designed to document client care from admission to discharge. It was
designed as a three-part, comprehensive yet brief approach to documentation and information
management for multidisciplinary healthcare professionals who practice in community settings.
NANDA and NOC provide frameworks only for nursing diagnoses and outcomes, while the
PCDS is specific to hospital settings.
6. The number and size of nursing schools in the United States grew significantly in the years of
the early 20th century. Which of the following characteristics was emphasized in these schools?
A) A thorough knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and epidemiology
B) Critical thinking, assertiveness, and autonomy
C) An understanding of the relationship among mind, body, and spirit
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D) Religious devotion and subservience to authority
Ans: D
Client Needs: A-1
Cognitive Level: Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Objective: 3
dm and Header: 12, Characteristics of the Early Schools
Feedback: In early nursing schools, the nurse in training was expected to yield to her superiors
and demonstrate the obedience characteristics of a good soldier with actions governed by the
dedication to duty derived from religious devotion. These expectations superseded the
importance of critical thinking, scientific knowledge, or the holistic nature of health.
7. Florence Nightingale is acknowledged as one of the individuals who contributed most
significantly to the development of nursing as a profession. What other phenomenon contributed
most to this development?
A) Labor-saving technology that freed many women from working in the home
B) The social recognition of the importance of public funding for the treatment of disease
C) Increased understanding of the pathophysiology of illness and the importance of infection
control
D) The high mortality rates that existed during times of war
Ans: D
Client Needs: A-1
Cognitive Level: Comprehension
Difficulty: Moderate
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Objective: 4
dm and Header: 8, The Nightingale Influence
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Feedback: The death and disease that accompanied conflicts such as the Crimean War and the
Civil War provided the impetus for much of the development of the nursing profession. Nursing
did not primarily grow out of the availability of a female workforce, public funding for health, or
increased scientific knowledge. [Show Less]