Test Bank Interpersonal Relationships Professional Communication Skills for Nurses 8th Edition Arnold
Table of Contents Chapter 1: Theory Based
... [Show More] Perspectives and Contemporary Dynamics ................................ ... 1 Chapter 2: Professional Guides for Nursing Communication ................................ .......... 7 Chapter 3: Clinical Judgment and Ethical Decision Making ................................ ........... 13 Chapter 4: Clarity and Safety in Communication ................................ ................... 19 Chapter 5: Developing Therapeutic Communication Skills ................................ ........... 25 Chapter 6: Variation in Communication Styles ................................ .................... 32 Chapter 7: Intercultural Communication ................................ ......................... 38 Chapter 8: Therapeutic Communication in Groups ................................ ................. 43 Chapter 9: Self Concept in Professional Interpersonal Relationships ................................ .. 51 Chapter 10: Developing Therapeutic Relationships ................................ ................. 55 Chapter 11: Bridges and Barriers in Therapeutic Relationships ................................ ...... 62 Chapter 12: Communicating with Families................................ ........................ 67 Chapter 13: Resolving Conflicts between Nurse and Client ................................ .......... 74 Chapter 14: Communicating to Encourage Health Literacy, Health Promotion, and Prevention of Disease ... 81 Chapter 15: Health Teaching and Coaching ................................ ....................... 87 Chapter 16: Empowerment-Oriented Communication Strategies to Reduce Stress ....................... 94 Chapter 17: Communicating with Clients Experiencing Communication Deficits ........................ 99 Chapter 18: Communicating with Children ................................ ...................... 104 Chapter 19: Communicating with Older Adults ................................ ................... 110 Chapter 20: Communicating with Clients in Crisis ................................ ................. 116 Chapter 21: Communicating with Clients and Families at the End of Life ............................. 124 Chapter 22: Role Relationships and Interprofessional Communication ............................... 130 Chapter 23: Communicating with Other Health Professionals ................................ ....... 136 Chapter 24: Communicating for Continuity of Care ................................ ................ 140 Chapter 25: Documentation in an Electronic Era ................................ .................. 147 Chapter 26: Communicating at the Point of Care: Application of eHealth Information Technologies ....... 152
Chapter 1: Theory Based Perspectives and Contemporary Dynamics 1 | P a g eMULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When describing nursing to a group of nursing students, the nursing instructor lists all of
the following characteristics of nursing except
a. historically nursing is as old as mankind.
b. nursing was originally practiced informally by religious orders dedicated to care of
the sick.
c. nursing was later practiced in the home by female caregivers with no formal
education.
d. nursing has always been identifiable as a distinct occupation.
ANS: A
Historically, nursing is as old as mankind. Originally practiced informally by religious orders
dedicated to care of the sick and later in the home by female caregivers with no formal
education, nursing was not identifiable as a distinct occupation until the 1854 Crimean war.
There, Florence Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing introduced the world to the functional roles of
professional nursing and the need for formal education.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 1
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
2. The nursing profession’s first nurse researcher, who served as an early advocate for
high-quality care and used statistical data to document the need for handwashing in preventing
infection, was
a. Abraham Maslow.
b. Martha Rogers.
c. Hildegard Peplau.
d. Florence Nightingale.
ANS: D
An early advocate for high-quality care, Florence Nightingale’s use of statistical data to
document the need for handwashing in preventing infection marks her as the profession’s first
nurse researcher.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: p. 1
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
3. Today, professional nursing education begins at the
a. undergraduate level.
b. graduate level.
c. advanced practice level.
d. administrative level.
ANS: A
Today, professional nursing education begins at the undergraduate level, with a growing
number of nurses choosing graduate studies to support differentiated practice roles
and/or research opportunities. Nurses are prepared to function as advanced practice
nurse practitioners, administrators, and educators.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 2
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
2 | P a g e4. Nursing’s metaparadigm, or worldview, distinguishes the nursing profession from other
disciplines and emphasizes its unique functional characteristics. The four key concepts that
form the foundation for all nursing theories are
a. caring, compassion, health promotion, and education.
b. respect, integrity, honesty, and advocacy.
c. person, environment, health, and nursing.
d. nursing, teaching, caring, and health promotion.
ANS: C
Individual nursing theories represent different interpretations of the phenomenon of
nursing, but central constructs—person, environment, health, and nursing—are found in all
theories and models. They are referred to as nursing’s metaparadigm.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: p. 2
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
5. When admitting a client to the medical-surgical unit, the nurse asks the client about cultural
issues. The nurse is demonstrating use of the concept of
a. person.
b. environment.
c. health.
d. nursing.
ANS: B
The concept of environment includes all cultural, developmental, and social determinants that
influence a client’s health perceptions and behavior. A person is defined as the recipient of
nursing care, having unique bio-psycho-social and spiritual dimensions. The word health
derives from the word whole. Health is a multidimensional concept, having physical,
psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual characteristics. The World Health
Organization (WHO, 1946) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, social well-
being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Nursing includes the promotion of
health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: p. 3
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
6. A young mother tells the nurse, “I’m worried because my son needs a blood transfusion. I
don’t know what to do, because blood transfusions cause AIDS.” Which central nursing
construct is represented in this situation?
a. Environment
b. Caring
c. Health
d. Person
ANS: D
The concept of environment includes all cultural, developmental, and social determinants that
influence a client’s health perceptions and behavior. Caring is not one of the four central
nursing constructs. The word health derives from the word whole. Health is a
multidimensional concept, having physical, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and
spiritual characteristics. The World Health Organization (WHO, 1946) defines health as “a
state of complete physical, mental, social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.” Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill,
disabled, and dying people. Person is defined as the recipient of nursing care, having unique
bio-psycho-social and spiritual dimensions.
3 | P a g eDIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: p. 2
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
7. The nurse performs a dressing change using sterile technique. This is an example of which
pattern of knowledge?
a. Empirical
b. Personal
c. Aesthetic
d. Ethical
ANS: A
Empirical knowledge is the scientific rationale for skilled nursing interventions. Personal ways
of knowing allow the nurse to understand and treat each individual as a unique person.
Aesthetic ways of knowing allow the nurse to connect in different and more meaningful ways.
Ethical ways of knowing refer to the moral aspects of nursing.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 5
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
8. The nurse-client relationship as described by Hildegard Peplau
a. would not be useful in a short-stay unit.
b. allows personal and social growth to occur only for the client.
c. facilitates the identification and accomplishment of therapeutic goals.
d. focuses on maintaining a personal relationship between the nurse and client.
ANS: C
Hildegard Peplau offers the best-known nursing model for the study of interpersonal
relationships in health care. Her model describes how the nurse-client relationship can
facilitate the identification and accomplishment of therapeutic goals to enhance client and
family well-being. In contemporary practice, Peplau’s framework is more applicable today in
longer term relationships, and in settings such as rehabilitation centers, long-term care, and
nursing homes. Despite the brevity of the alliances in acute care settings, basic principles of
being a participant observer in the relationship, building rapport, developing a working
partnership, and terminating a relationship remain relevant.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: p. 10
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
9. The identification phase of the nurse-client relationship
a. sets the stage for the rest of the relationship.
b. correlates with the assessment phase of the nursing process.
c. focuses on therapeutic goals to enhance client and family well-being.
d. uses community resources to help resolve health care issues.
ANS: C
Hildegard Peplau offers the best-known nursing model for the study of interpersonal
relationships in health care. Her model describes how the nurse-client relationship can
facilitate the identification and accomplishment of therapeutic goals to enhance client and
family well-being.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: p. 10
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
4 | P a g e10. Abraham Maslow's needs theory is a framework that
a. begins with meeting basic psychosocial needs first.
b. ensures essential needs are satisfied, then people move into higher physiological
areas of development.
c. proposes that people are motivated to meet their needs in a descending order.
d. nurses use to prioritize client needs and develop relevant nursing approaches.
ANS: D
Abraham Maslow's needs theory is a framework that nurses use to prioritize client needs and
develop relevant nursing approaches. Maslow's model proposes that people are motivated to
meet their needs in an ascending order beginning with meeting basic survival needs. As
essential needs are satisfied, people move into higher psychosocial areas of development.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: p. 10
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
11. Which of the following statements about communication theory is true?
a. Primates are able to learn new languages to share ideas and feelings.
b. Concepts include only verbal communication.
c. Perceptions are clarified through feedback.
d. Past experience does not influence communication.
ANS: C
Feedback is the only way to know that one’s perceptions about meanings are valid. Human
communication is unique. Only human beings have large vocabularies and are capable of
learning new languages as a means of sharing their ideas and feelings. Communication
includes language, gestures, and symbols to convey intended meaning, exchange ideas and
feelings, and to share significant life experience. To encode a message appropriately requires a
clear understanding of the receiver’s mental frame of reference (e.g., feelings, personal
agendas, past experiences) and knowledge of its purpose or intent of the communication.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: p. 7
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
12. In the circular transactional model of communication,
a. questions are framed in order to recognize the context of the message.
b. people take only complementary roles in the communication.
c. the context of the communication is unimportant.
d. the purpose of communication is to influence the receiver.
ANS: A
A circular model expands linear models to include the context of the communication,
feedback loops, and validation. With this model, the sender and receiver construct a mental
picture of the other, which influences the message and includes perceptions of the other
person’s attitude and potential reaction to the message.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 8
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
13. The nurse recognizes that feedback loops
a. do not allow for correction of original information.
b. are solely based on the General Systems Theory.
c. do not allow for validation of information.
5 | P a g ed. allow the human system to correct its original information.
ANS: D
Feedback (from the receiver or the environment) allows the system to correct or maintain
its original information. Feedback loops (from the receiver, or the environment) validate the
information, or allow the human system to correct its original information. General Systems
Theory, initially described by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968), focuses on process and
interconnected relationships comprising the “whole.”
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: p. 8
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
14. Which of the following statements best represents therapeutic communication when a student
discovers a client crying in bed?
a. “I am the nurse who will be doing your treatments today.”
b. “Will you listen to me so I can help you get better?”
c. “This is what is going to happen during surgery.”
d. “Can we talk about what seems to be bothering you?”
ANS: D
Asking about what is bothering the client is goal directed. Its purpose is to promote client
well-being. “I am the nurse who will be doing your treatments today” is a statement of fact,
and it ignores the client’s emotional needs. “Will you listen to me so I can help you get
better?” is not goal directed and does not involve mutuality. “This is what is going to happen
during surgery” is simply one way. It does not engage the client in a therapeutic manner.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: p. 10
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
15. The central constructs of person, environment, health, and nursing are found in all nursing
theories and models and are referred to as
a. telehealth.
b. the medical model.
c. nursing’s metaparadigm.
d. five core areas of competency.
ANS: C
Individual nursing theories represent different interpretations of the phenomenon of nursing,
but central constructs—person, environment, health, and nursing—are found in all theories
and models. They are referred to as nursing’s metaparadigm. These constructs are the
“metalanguage” of nursing, and together they act as basic building blocks for the discipline of
professional nursing. Telehealth is fast becoming an integral part of the health care system,
used both as a live interactive mechanism (particularly in remote areas, where there is a
scarcity of health care providers) and as a way to track clinical data. Two important outcomes
are reduced health costs and increased access to care. During the last century, the bulk of
professional care was delivered in acute care settings, based on the disease-focused medical
model. Switching to today’s community focus recognizes the fact that chronic medical
conditions account for most of today’s care, with most being treated in the community. The
IOM report Health professions education: A bridge to quality (2003) calls for the restructuring
of clinical education responsive to the 21st century health system transformation goals of
providing the highest quality and safest medical care possible. This report identified five core
areas of competency required to cross the bridge to quality.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 4
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
6 | P a g eMSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. The discipline of nursing has “a unique perspective, a distinct way of viewing all phenomena,
which ultimately defines and limits the nature of its inquiry,” related to (Select all that apply.)
a. principles and laws that govern the life processes, well-being, and optimum
functioning of human beings, sick or well.
b. patterning of human behavior in interaction with the environment in critical life
situations.
c. processes by which positive changes in health status are affected.
d. processes by which negative changes in health status are affected.
e. patterning of human behavior in interaction with the environment in every life
situation.
f. principles and laws that govern the life processes, well-being, and optimum
functioning of human beings, in relation to wellness only.
ANS: A, B, C
Donaldson and Crowley characterize the discipline of nursing as having "a unique perspective,
a distinct way of viewing all phenomena, which ultimately defines and limits the nature of its
inquiry," related to "Principles and laws that govern the life processes,
well-being, and optimum functioning of human beings, sick or well; patterning of human
behavior in interaction with the environment in critical life situations; and processes by which
positive changes in health status are affected."
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: p. 2
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and
Maintenance
Chapter 2: Professional Guides for Nursing Communication
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The nurse demonstrates effective communication by ensuring all of the following except
a. two-way exchange of information among clients and health providers.
b. making sure that unilateral information is exchanged between clients and nurses.
c. making sure that the expectations and responsibilities of all are clearly understood.
d. recognizing that effective communication is an active process for all involved.
ANS: B
Effective communication is defined as a two-way exchange of information among clients and
health providers ensuring that the expectations and responsibilities of all are clearly
understood. It is an active process for all involved.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: p. 23
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
2. A preoperative assessment shows that a client’s hemoglobin level is dropping. The anesthetist
orders 3 units of blood to be administered. The nurse administers the first unit before
7 | P a g ediscovering that the client is a Jehovah’s Witness, as documented in the record. This is an
example of
a. professional conduct.
b. a negligent act.
c. physical abuse.
d. breaching client confidentiality.
ANS: B
The nurse was negligent by not checking the record and by failure to obtain written consent
from the client for the procedure. This is an example of misconduct, not professional conduct.
The nurse did not intend to physically harm the patient. The nurse did not breach client
confidentiality.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: pp. 28-29
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
3. Which of the following is a violation of client confidentiality? Reporting
a. certain communicable diseases.
b. child abuse.
c. gunshot wounds.
d. client data to a colleague in a nonprofessional setting.
ANS: D
Releasing information to people not directly involved in the client’s care is a breach of
confidentiality. Certain communicable or sexually transmitted diseases, child and elder abuse,
and the potential for serious harm to another individual are considered exceptions to sharing
of confidential information.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: p. 37
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
4. A 16-year-old trauma victim arrives in the emergency department with a life-threatening
condition and requires emergency surgery. The nurse knows that
a. a parent/guardian must give consent.
b. the client can give consent if she provides proof of emancipation.
c. the client must first be evaluated for competency before obtaining consent.
d. surgery can be performed without consent.
ANS: D
Surgery can be performed without consent because it is a life-threatening emergency.
Normally parents or a guardian must give consent, but in a life-threatening emergency
medical care can be administered without consent. Providing proof of emancipation is not
necessary in a life-threatening situation. The client does not need to first be evaluated for
competency in a life-threatening situation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: p. 38
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
5. In regard to informed consent, which of the following statements is true?
a. Only legally incompetent adults can give consent.
b. Only parents can give consent for minor children.
c. It is not required that the client be told about costs and alternatives to treatment.
d. Consent must be voluntary.
8 | P a g eANS: D
For legal consent to be valid, it must be voluntary. Only legally competent adults can give
consent. Parents or legal guardians can give consent for minor children. Clients must have full
disclosure about risks/benefits, including costs and alternatives.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: p. 37
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
6. The client has a living will in which he states he does not want to be kept alive by artificial
means. The client’s family wants to disregard the client’s wishes and have him maintained on
artificial life support. The most appropriate initial course of action for the nurse would be to
a. tell the family that they have no legal rights.
b. tell the family that they have the right to override the living will because the
patient cannot speak.
c. report the situation to the hospital ethics committee.
d. allow the family to verbalize their feelings and concerns, while maintaining the
role of client advocate.
ANS: D
Allowing the family to verbalize their feelings and concerns is the most appropriate action at
the time to help the family deal with their loss and come to terms with their family member’s
wishes. Telling the family that they have no legal rights would not be supportive and might
create hostility. The family does not have the right to override a living will. It is not the most
appropriate initial course of action to report the situation to the hospital ethics committee.
According to the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses, the nurse
promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
REF: p. 27
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
7. The nurse collects both objective and subjective data. An example of subjective data is
a. BP 140/80.
b. skin color jaundiced.
c. “I have a headache.”
d. history of seizures.
ANS: C
Subjective data refers to the client’s perception of data and what the client or family says
about the data. Objective data refers to data that are directly observable or verifiable through
physical examination or tests. Blood pressure recording is objective. Jaundiced skin color
observation by the nurse is objective data. A history of seizures is objective data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: p. 33
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity
8. The nurse observes a client pacing the floor. The nurse validates an inference when speaking
to the client by stating,
a. “You are anxious, so let’s talk about it.”
b. “Let’s try some deep breathing to help you relax.”
c. “You seem anxious. Will you tell me what is going on?”
d. “Clients who pace usually need to talk to a physician. Should I call yours?”
ANS: C
9 | P a g eThe nurse has inferred that the client is anxious but needs to ask further questions to
validate the information. A nurse should not make assumptions without first confirming that
the inference is correct. Deep breathing exercise is an intervention; it is not validating an
inference.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: p. 33
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
9. A client who is scheduled for a bilateral inguinal hernia repair the next day is observed pacing
the unit. After validating that the client is anxious about his upcoming surgery because he is
afraid of pain, a relevant nursing diagnosis would be
a. anxiety related to surgery.
b. pain related to anxiety about surgery as evidenced by pacing.
c. anxiety related to fear of postoperative pain as evidenced by pacing.
d. pacing related to fear of postoperative pain.
ANS: C
Anxiety is the problem to be addressed. Related to connects the problem to the etiology (fear
of pain). The third part of the statement identifies the clinical evidence (pacing) that supports
the diagnosis. There are three parts to a nursing diagnosis, and the anxiety is related
specifically to fear of pain after surgery. The problem to be addressed is the anxiety, not the
pain, at this time. “Pacing related to fear of postoperative pain” contains only two parts to this
statement. Pacing is the evidence, not the problem.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: p. 33
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Nursing Diagnosis
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
10. Which of the following is an outcome for a client with a broken leg?
a. Client will develop an ambulation program within 1 month.
b. Encourage client to ambulate with cast using crutches.
c. Client asks, “When will I walk again?”
d. Client experiences alteration in mobility related to a broken leg.
ANS: A
Outcomes are goals that are measurable, achievable, and client centered. Ambulation is a
nursing intervention. A question from the client is not an outcome; it is a question. “Client
experiences alteration in mobility related to a broken leg” is part of a nursing diagnosis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: pp. 34-35
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Outcome
Identification MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity
11. The nurse is teaching a client who is alert and oriented about the drug warfarin. When
teaching the client about this drug, the nurse emphasizes the need to be consistent with
Vitamin K intake, which is found primarily in green leafy vegetables. When the client’s
spouse comes to visit, the client states, “I can no longer consume green leafy vegetables.”
This is an example of what type of failure caused by a communication problem?
a. System failure
b. Reception failure
c. Transmission failure
d. Global aphasia
ANS: B
Communication problems occur when there are failures in one or more categories: the system,
10 | P a g ethe transmission, or in the reception. Reception failures occur when channels exist and
necessary information is sent, but the recipient misinterprets the message. System failures
occur when the necessary channels of communication are absent or not functioning.
Transmission failures occur when the channels exist but the message is never sent or is not
clearly sent.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
REF: p. 23
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
12. When setting goals with a client, the nurse demonstrates which step of the nursing process?
a. Assessment
b. Planning
c. Implementation
d. Evaluation
ANS: B
Outcome identification occurs during the planning phase. Goals are identified during
planning, not assessment. Nursing interventions are performed during the implementation
phase. During evaluation, goal achievement is evaluated.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: p. 35
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Outcome Identification and
Planning MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
13. When the nurse identifies a health problem or alteration in a client’s health status that
requires a nursing intervention, the nurse is performing which step of the nursing process?
a. Diagnosis
b. Planning
c. Intervention
d. Evaluation
ANS: A
The nursing diagnosis consists of three parts: (1) problem, (2) etiology, and (3) evidence. The
problem is a statement identifying a health problem or alteration in a client’s health status
requiring nursing intervention. Planning occurs after problem identification. Interventions
occur during implementation. The effectiveness of the interventions is evaluated in the
evaluation phase.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: p. 33
TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Diagnosis
MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care
14. When evaluating the client’s progress toward goal achievement, the nurse should ask which of
the following questions?
a. “Did the client tell the truth?”
b. “Were the goals realistic?”
c. “Did the physician diagnose the client’s condition correctly?”
d. “Was the length of stay too short?”
ANS: B
The goals need to be realistic and achievable in the time frame allotted for the interventions to
be effective. Validation of information occurs in the assessment phase. Medical diagnosis is not
part of the nursing process. The nurse needs to work within the time frame allotted.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 34
11 | P a g eTOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client [Show Less]