Which is NOT a function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis? A. regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity B. regulation of blood hydrogen ion
... [Show More] concentration C. regulation of blood glucose concentration D. regulation of extracellular fluid volume E. regulation of blood K+ concentration
C
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe kidney function? A. They contribute significantly to long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure by maintaining the proper plasma volume. B. They produce urine of a constant composition at all times, in order to maintain homeostasis of extracellular fluid. C. They excrete metabolic waste products. D. They assist in maintaining proper acid-base balance in the body. E. They secrete hormones.
B
Which correctly describes a basic renal process? A. Fluid is filtered from Bowman's capsule into the glomerulus. B. Substances are secreted from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries. C. Substances are reabsorbed from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen. D. Substances are actively secreted from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule. E. Fluid moves by bulk flow from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space.
E
The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is ________ plus the amount that is ________ minus the amount that is ________. A. filtered; reabsorbed; secreted B. reabsorbed; filtered; secreted C. secreted; reabsorbed; filtered D. filtered; secreted; reabsorbed E. reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
D
Which of the following is least likely to be filtered into Bowman's capsule in a normal, healthy person? A. glucose B. plasma protein C. sodium D. urea E. bicarbonate ion
B
All of the following substances are present in proximal tubular fluid in the kidney, but which one is NOT normally present in urine? A. Ca2+ B. H+ C. K+ D. HPO42- E. glucose
E
Which one of the following substances is LEAST dependent on the kidney for regulation of its plasma concentration? A. water B. Na+ C. K+ D. HPO42- E. glucose
E
Which is TRUE about the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A. It is composed of parts of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the efferent arteriole. B. It is composed of glomerular capillaries and the macula densa. C. It is the site of renin secretion. D. It is created by the junction between the proximal tubule and the afferent arteriole. E. It is composed of cells that secrete atrial natriuretic peptide and cells that secrete norepinephrine.
C
Which correctly describes the composition of the glomerular filtrate? A. It is identical to urine, but has a much smaller flow rate. B. It is identical to urine, but has a much larger flow rate. C. It is identical to blood plasma, except it lacks red blood cells. D. It is highly similar to plasma, except it contains plasma proteins. E. It is highly similar to plasma, except it does not contain plasma proteins.
E
Which of the following statements concerning the process of glomerular filtration is correct? A. The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration. B. The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum. C. All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered. D. The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration. E. The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.
A
Which equation is equal to the net glomerular filtration pressure? A. = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic pressure due to protein in Bowman's capsule
B. = osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma - hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule
C. = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries + hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule + osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma
D. = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries + hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma
E. = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic force due to proteins in plasma
E
Constriction of the ________ decreases hydrostatic pressure in _________. A. afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries B. efferent arterioles, proximal convoluted tubules C. renal vein, peritubular capillaries D. efferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries E. efferent arterioles, Bowman's capsule
A
Which is TRUE regarding renal tubular reabsorption? A. Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption. B. Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate. C. Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron. D. Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proxmial tubule. E. Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
B
Which of the following describes tubular reabsorption in the kidney? A. the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid B. the movement of substances from the proximal tubule into the loop of Henle C. transepithelial transport from the lumen of the tubule into renal interstitial fluid D. movement of Na+, Cl-, and water from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule E. transport of solutes from the renal medullary interstitium into the collecting duct
C
Which is NOT a transport mechanism typically seen in renal tubular epithelial cells? A. cotransport proteins in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule that move Na+ and glucose from the proximal tubule into epithelial cells B. transport proteins that move glucose by facilitated diffusion from inside of proximal tubule cells into the renal interstitial fluid C. ion channels that allow Na+ to move by diffusion from the lumen of the proximal tubule into epithelial cells D. Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of proximal tubule epithelial cells that move Na+ from inside the cell into the tubule and K+ from the tubule lumen into the cell E. countertransport proteins that move Na+ into proximal tubule epithelial cells while moving H+ from the cells into the lumen
D
Which of the following substances undergo renal tubular secretion? A. Ca2+ B. Na+ C. K+ D. H20
C
Which is true for a man who is in balance for total body water? A. He must ingest more water than is lost in the urine. B. He must ingest more water than is lost by all output pathways combined. C. He must ingest less water than is lost in the urine. D. The water filtered into Bowman's capsule must be 100% reabsorbed. E. The amount ingested plus that metabolically produced must equal the amount of water in the urine.
A
Which of the following is TRUE about how water is handled by the nephron? A. Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow. B. Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient. C. Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle. D. The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin. E. Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.
A
Where do Na+/K+ ATPase pumps play an active role in reabsorbing Na+? A. in Bowman's capsule epithelial cells, facing the interior of Bowman's space B. in the basolateral membrane of cells of the cortical collecting duct C. in the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the proximal tubule D. in the luminal membrane of epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule E. in the basolateral membrane of endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries
B
Compared to the normal plasma osmolarity, the tubular fluid is ________ as it enters Bowman's space, ________ at the beginning of the loop of Henle, ________ at the tip of the loop, and ________ at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule. A. isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic B. isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic C. isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic D. isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic E. isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
C
In what segment of the nephron is the greatest fraction of filtered water reabsorbed? A. the proximal tubule B. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle C. the distal convoluted tubule D. the collecting ducts E. the descending limb of the loop of Henle
A
In which region of the nephron does the fractional reabsorption of water vary the most in response to variation in the state of hydration? A. the glomerulus B. the proximal convoluted tubule C. the loop of Henle D. the distal convoluted tubule E. the collecting duct
E
Which is NOT true about the countercurrent multiplier system of the kidney? A. It creates a hyperosmolar medullary interstitium that allows the kidneys to form hypertonic urine. B. The descending loop of Henle is permeable to water. C. There is active transport of sodium and chloride out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. D. The ascending loop of Henle is not permeable to water. E. The fraction of filtered NaCl reabsorbed from the ascending limb equals the fraction of filtered water reabsorbed from the descending limb.
E
How does the renal countercurrent multiplier mechanism allow the creation of a concentrated urine? A. It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitium into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine. B. It transports urea from the medullary interstitium into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine. C. By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitium, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present. D. By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct. E. When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitium and water follows, concentrating the urine.
C
Water and NaCl reabsorbed from the loop of Henle directly reenter what blood vessels? A. vasa recta B. afferent arterioles C. efferent arterioles D. cortical peritubular capillaries E. collecting ducts
A
In the condition diabetes mellitus, why does glucose appear in the urine? A. The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient. B. The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption. C. Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells. D. The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption. E. Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.
B
Which is TRUE about the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone, ADH)? A. It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland. B. It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells. C. It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine. D. It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine. E. Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.
B
Which would occur if a person lost the ability to synthesize vasopressin? A. The ability to reabsorb water in the proximal tubule would be lost. B. The excretion of glucose in the urine would increase. C. The urine would become hypoosmotic compared to plasma. D. The urine production would decrease dramatically, and the urine osmolarity would be hypertonic compared to plasma. E. Blood pressure would increase significantly.
C
Which of these is deficient in the disease, diabetes insipidus? A. ACTH B. vasopressin C. atrial natriuretic factor D. angiotensin II E. insulin
B
Which of the following most accurately describes the renal transport of Na+? A. Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule. B. Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule. C. Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. D. Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts. E. Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.
B
What region of the nephron reabsorbs about two-thirds of filtered Na+ and Cl-? A. ascending loop of Henle B. glomerulus C. proximal convoluted tubule D. distal convoluted tubule E. collecting duct
C
Which would occur as a result of a decrease in the total body content of Na+? A. an increase in plasma volume, which induces an increase in GFR and Na+ reabsorption rate B. a decrease in plasma volume, which induces an increase in GFR and Na+ reabsorption rate C. an increase in plasma volume, which induces an increase in GFR and a decrease in Na+ reabsorption rate D. a decrease in plasma volume, which induces a decrease in GFR and Na+ reabsorption rate E. a decrease in plasma volume, which induces a decrease in GFR and an increase in Na+ reabsorption rate
E
What is the rate-limiting (regulated) step for stimulating the secretion of aldosterone? A. conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood B. secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver C. conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood D. secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary E. secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney
C
Which of the following statements regarding renal handling of Na+ is correct? A. In the proximal tubule, Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of the tubular epithelial cells. B. Atrial natriuretic factor increases Na+ reabsorption. C. In the absence of aldosterone, Na+ will be secreted by the cortical collecting ducts. D. Na+ is actively reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. E. Without vasopressin, the collecting duct is impermeable to Na+.
D [Show Less]