Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1)
... [Show More] When cancer develops in one tissue and spreads to another via the blood or the lymph, the cancer is said to have undergone what process? 1) A) metastasis B) mutation C) differentiation D) cytokinesis 2) The space that is surrounded by the tissue wall of hollow organs is known as the 2) A) peritoneal cavity. B) epidural space. C) lumen. D) extracellular space. E) tract. 3) The lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of the ________ environment. 3) A) internal B) external 4) The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as 4) A) extracellular fluid. B) cytoplasm. C) plasma. D) cytosol. E) protoplasm. 5) Which of the following terms is NOT used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? 5) A) plasma membrane B) a cell wall C) a cell membrane D) plasmalemma E) All of the answers are correct. 6) Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? 6) A) respond to extracellular molecules B) produce energy C) act as transport molecules for various solutes D) creating junctions between cells E) anchor or stabilize the cell membrane 7) Cell membranes are said to be 7) A) freely permeable barrier. B) selectively permeable barrier. C) impermeable barrier. D) only permeable to water soluble molecules. E) None of the answers are correct. 1 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn contact: royfields1@gmail.com 8) What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer in the cellular membrane? 8) A) the formation of a barrier that is a selective for lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins B) the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules only C) to provide a framework for membrane proteins only D) the absorption of fats only E) to carry water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment only 9) Which of the following is NOT a membrane lipid? 9) A) phospholipids B) sphingolipids C) cholesterol D) All are membrane lipids. 10) Which structure is a lipid bilayer that controls which objects can leave or enter the cell? 10) A) ribosome B) endoplasmic reticulum C) nucleus D) Golgi apparatus E) plasma membrane 11) A liposome is 11) A) only a drug-delivery vehicle. B) only a type of lipid. C) only a structural component of cell membranes. D) an additive to creams and lotions and a drug-delivery vehicle. E) only an additive to creams and lotions. 12) An immunoliposome is a liposome that 12) A) suppresses the immune system. B) can recognize cancer cells. C) stimulates the immune system. D) None of the answers are correct. 13) Intermediate filaments 13) A) transport materials within the cytoplasm. B) form the neurofilaments in nerve cells. C) stabilize the position of organelles. D) provide the cell with strength. E) All of the answers are correct. 14) Which proteins assist in the movement of vesicles along microtubules? 14) A) mitochondria B) Golgi complex C) ribosomes D) kinesins E) rough endoplasmic reticulum 15) Which of the following is an example of a membranous organelle? 15) A) ribosome B) centriole C) cilia D) lysosome E) cytoskeleton 2 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 16) The thickest protein fibers from the following group are 16) A) myosin molecules. B) microtubules. C) neurofilaments. D) microfilaments. E) keratin filaments. 17) Ribosomal RNA is formed by 17) A) lysosomes. B) the endoplasmic reticulum. C) Golgi complexes. D) nucleoli. E) mitochondria. 18) Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. 18) A) The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. B) The mitochondrial cristae form the inner membrane forming separate compartments. C) The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA. D) The intermembrane space plays an important role in mitochondrial ATP production. E) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP. 19) In humans, only ________ cells have flagella. 19) A) intestine lining B) sperm C) respiratory tract lining D) uterine tube lining E) stomach lining 20) Tay-Sachs is a disease caused by having ineffective 20) A) lysosomes. B) rough endoplasmic reticulum. C) Golgi bodies. D) mitochondria. E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 21) Microvilli are found 21) A) in cells that are actively engaged in absorption. B) mostly in muscle cells. C) only on cells lining the reproductive tract. D) on the inside of cell membranes. E) in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones. 22) Microtubules 22) A) are hollow, filamentous structures. B) are the largest cytoplasmic fibers. C) form cilia that aid in cell movement. D) are composed of tubulin. E) All of the answers are correct. 3 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 23) Centrioles 23) A) direct the movement of DNA during cell division. B) hold the cell's ribosomes in place. C) function as pipelines to move fluid through the cell. D) are white blood cells out of vessels. E) provide shape and stability to a cell. 24) Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the 24) A) mitochondria. B) ribosomes. C) endoplasmic reticulum. D) nucleus. E) Golgi apparatus. 25) Which does NOT accurately complete the sentence? One of the major functions of BOTH types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the 25) A) storage of biomolecules. B) synthesis of biomolecules. C) storage of genetic material for the cell. D) transport of biomolecules. 26) All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. 26) A) steroids B) RNA C) phospholipids D) proteins E) fatty acids 27) Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? 27) A) fatty acids B) proteins C) steroids D) lipids E) All are synthesized in the SER. 28) Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? 28) A) nucleoli B) Golgi apparatus C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) mitochondria 29) All of the structures listed below are involved in storage, EXCEPT 29) A) peroxisomes. B) lysosomes. C) storage vesicles. D) mitochondrial cristae. E) All are involved in cellular storage. 4 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 30) The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to the 30) A) cell membrane for secretion. B) lysosome for modification. C) nucleus for cellular use. D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. E) Golgi complex for packaging. 31) If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to 31) A) produce enzymes. B) digest cellular wastes and bacteria. C) transport water-soluble molecules. D) destroy H2O2. E) synthesize lipids. 32) Which substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes? 32) A) acid B) enzymes C) water D) air E) base 33) Peroxisomes 33) A) are a type of lysosome. B) use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell. C) are responsible for the atrophy of unused muscles. D) are sites for synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and phospholipids. E) All of the answers accurately describe peroxisomes. 34) The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is ________ adipose (fat) cells. 34) A) greater than B) less than C) equal to 35) The control center for cellular operations is the 35) A) Golgi complex. B) mitochondria. C) ribosomes. D) endoplasmic reticulum. E) nucleus. 36) The beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein-based hormone. Which of the following organelles would be found in higher levels in the beta cells? 36) A) mitochondria B) microvilli C) ribosomes D) lysosomes 37) If the adrenal cortex produces lipid-based hormones such as aldosterone, which organelle would be higher in cells of the adrenal cortex than in the adrenal medulla? 37) A) mitochondria B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) ribosome E) Golgi apparatus 5 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 38) The nucleus stores all the information needed to synthesize which of the following molecules? 38) A) carbohydrates B) proteins C) lipids D) phospholipids E) All of the answers are correct. 39) The term secretion refers to 39) A) storage of a material, until it is time for it to leave the cell. B) the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space. C) synthesis of a protein for export from the cell. D) the manufacture and assembly of a material. E) None of the answers describe secretion. 40) Which cellular organelle is considered the powerhouse of the cell because it produces most of the ATP? 40) A) nucleus B) ribosome C) Golgi apparatus D) endoplasmic reticulum E) mitochondria 41) Arrange the following events in protein secretion in the proper sequence. 1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A secretory vesicle is formed. 3. A transport vesicle is formed. 4. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex. 41) A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 3, 1, 4, 2 C) 4, 3, 1, 2 D) 1, 3, 2, 4 E) 1, 3, 4, 2 42) Movement of material between cells is known as the ________ pathway. 42) A) paracellular B) cisendothelial C) transendothelial D) metacellular E) transcellular 43) All but one of the structures listed below are a type of cell junction. Identify the exception. 43) A) loose junctions B) desmosomes C) adherens junctions D) tight junctions E) gap junctions 44) The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It does not secrete any enzymes or absorb any nutrients, but it does need to stand up to significant friction and stress. The type of epithelium most likely lining the esophagus would be 44) A) simple squamous epithelium. B) stratified squamous epithelium. C) cuboidal epithelium. D) transitional epithelium. E) simple columnar epithelium. 6 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 45) The type of protein found in gap junctions is the 45) A) claudin. B) integrin. C) cadherin. D) connexin. E) occludin. 46) Disappearance of which type of junction most likely contributes to the metastasis of cancer cells throughout the body? 46) A) tight B) gap C) anchoring 47) The types of junction proteins important in nerve growth and development are 47) A) CAMs. B) connexins. C) claudins. D) integrins. E) occludins. 48) Each of the following is a primary tissue type EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. 48) A) neural tissue B) connective tissue C) epithelial tissue D) osseous tissue E) muscle tissue 49) Functions of epithelia include all of the following EXCEPT 49) A) controlling permeability. B) providing physical protection. C) producing specialized secretions. D) movement. E) storing energy reserves. 50) Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have ________ on their apical surface. 50) A) microvilli B) vesicles C) cilia or flagella D) mitochondria E) junctional complexes 51) Epithelia are connected to underlying connective tissues by 51) A) a basement membrane only. B) a basal lamina only. C) protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein only. D) an apical membrane and protein filaments embedded in proteoglycans only. E) a basement membrane, protein filaments embedded in proteoglycans, and a basal lamina. 52) Glands that secrete hormones into the blood via tissue fluids are 52) A) exocrine glands. B) unicellular glands. C) mixed glands. D) endocrine glands. E) None of the answers are correct. 7 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 53) Exocrine glands 53) A) may make either mucous or serous secretions. B) may work as single cells or as a multicellular organ. C) release their secretions into the external environment. D) release their secretions through open tubes, called ducts. E) All of the statements are true. 54) Every substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium. 54) A) True B) False 55) Due to the fact that they divide frequently, epithelia are prone to the genetic mutations associated with cancer. 55) A) True B) False 56) The function of microvilli, often seen on the apical membrane of transporting epithelia, is to 56) A) increase the movement of extracellular fluid. B) increase the resistance of the cell to viruses. C) increase the toughness of the cell. D) allow the cell to move through a fluid medium. E) increase the cell's surface area. 57) The simple squamous epithelial lining of blood vessels is called 57) A) endothelium. B) luteal cells. C) the vasa recta. D) basolateral epithelium. E) None of the answers are correct. 58) Which type of tissue below has minimal extracellular matrix? 58) A) epithelial only B) muscle only C) connective only D) neural only E) epithelial, neural, and muscle 59) Functions of connective tissue include 59) A) transporting fluids and dissolved materials. B) storing energy reserves. C) establishing a structural framework for the body. D) providing protection for delicate organs. E) All of the answers are correct. 60) Cells that store fat are called 60) A) mast cells. B) fibroblasts. C) melanocytes. D) liposomes. E) adipocytes. 8 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 61) Loose connective tissue functions in 61) A) anchoring blood vessels and nerves. B) supporting small glands. C) supporting epithelia. D) All of the answers are correct. 62) Plasma is not 62) A) a dilute solution of ions and dissolved organic molecules. B) a sticky solution containing glycoproteins and proteoglycans. C) a subdivision of the ECF. D) considered an extracellular matrix. E) the fluid portion of blood. 63) The term meaning "programmed cell death" is 63) A) apoptosis. B) cytocide. C) necrosis. D) diuresis. E) oncogenesis. 64) The term meaning "a mitotic population of cells that persists into adulthood" applies to 64) A) apoptosis. B) gametocytes. C) totipotent cells. D) stem cells. E) nurse cells. 65) Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may form structures known as 65) A) organs. B) organisms. C) cells. D) organelles. E) Impossible to tell from the information given. 66) The heaviest organ in the body is the 66) A) liver. B) brain. C) stomach. D) urinary bladder. E) skin. 67) This organelle is the site of most ATP synthesis in the cell. 67) A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes 9 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 68) These degrade long chain fatty acids and toxic foreign molecules. 68) A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes 69) This is the digestive system of a cell, degrading and/or recycling bacterial or organic components. 69) A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes 70) This modifies proteins and packages them into secretory vesicles for export from the cell. 70) A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes 71) The simplest cell-cell junction is called a(n) 71) A) anchoring junction. B) neuromuscular junction. C) tight junction. D) desmosome. E) gap junction. 72) This junction contributes to the blood-brain barrier. 72) A) tight junction B) gap junction C) anchoring junction D) desmosome E) neuromuscular junction 73) These junctions can be cell-matrix junctions. 73) A) tight junction B) gap junction C) neuromuscular junction D) connexin E) anchoring junction 74) The loss of these junctions are a characteristic of cancer. 74) A) gap junction B) anchoring junction C) tight junction D) neuromuscular junction E) claudin constructed junction 10 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 75) This tissue is made up of adipocytes. 75) A) cartilage B) fat C) bone D) dense, regular connective tissue E) dense, irregular connective tissue 76) Fibroblasts that secrete collagen-rich matrix dominants this tissue. 76) A) loose connective tissue B) fat C) blood D) cartilage E) bone 77) Chondrocytes secrete a firm but flexible matrix to form what tissue? 77) A) blood B) cartilage C) loose connective tissue D) fat E) bone 78) An osteocyte is the main cell type in which of the following? 78) A) adipose B) cartilage C) loose connective tissue D) blood E) bone 79) Which of the following plays a role in temperature regulation in infants? 79) A) white fat B) brown fat C) collagen D) bone E) cartilage 80) Nucleoli function in the production of 80) A) proteins. B) peroxisomes. C) DNA that controls all cell functions. D) RNA for ribosomes. E) secretory vesicles. 81) Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others. 81) A) structural B) a physical barrier C) hydrophilic D) metabolically active E) selectively permeable 82) The nucleus is surrounded by a(n) 82) A) protein coat. B) plasmalemma. C) nuclear envelope. D) cell wall. E) adhesion molecule. 11 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 83) Communication between the nucleus and cytosol occurs through 83) A) nuclear pores. B) desmosomes. C) plasmalemma. D) sodium channels. E) nucleoli. 84) Cells are transformed into specialized units during 84) A) programed cell death. B) differentiation. C) transcription. D) mitosis. E) apoptosis. 85) The lining of the heart is called 85) A) secretory epithelium. B) transporting epithelium. C) protective epithelium. D) ciliated epithelium. E) endothelium. 86) ________ is the extracellular component of connective tissues. 86) A) Mucous B) Cytoplasm C) Cartilage D) Ground substance E) Blood 87) The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as 87) A) micelles. B) mucous. C) extracellular matrix. D) blood. E) cytoplasm. 88) The fluid substance of blood is called 88) A) endothelium. B) interstitial fluid. C) cytoplasm. D) peroxide. E) plasma. 89) The study of tissue structure and function is called 89) A) remodeling. B) plasticity. C) histology. D) physiology. E) differentiation. 12 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 90) Structures composed of epithelial cells that produce secretions are called 90) A) cell junctions. B) micelles. C) glands. D) ducts. E) nuclear pores. 91) ________ is a tissue that is modified to transmit chemical and electrical signals from one cell to another. 91) A) Endothelium B) Neural tissue C) Epithelia tissue D) Connective tissue E) Exocrine tissue 92) ________ secretions are released onto an epithelial surface. 92) A) Microtubular B) Nuclear C) Endocrine D) Exocrine E) Hormonal 93) ________ secretions are released into interstitial space to diffuse into the blood. 93) A) Endocrine B) Ribosomal C) Mucous D) Serous E) Exocrine 94) ________ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane. 94) A) Nuclear B) Glycolipid C) Transmembrane D) Cytoskeletal E) Peripheral 95) ________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids. 95) A) Cytoskeletal B) Glycolipid C) Peripheral D) Transmembrane E) Nuclear 96) ________ is a protective layer made up of mostly membrane carbohydrates. 96) A) Focal Adhesion B) Glycocalyx C) Epidermis D) Cadherin E) Connective tissue ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 97) Explain the relationship between microtubules, cilia, flagella, centrioles, spindle fibers, and the centrosome. 98) List the four major tissue types. Give an example and location of each. 13 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 99) Describe the structure of the cytoskeleton, and list its functions. 100) Define, compare, and contrast each term listed and explain how the terms are related to each other: rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and Golgi Apparatus. 101) Sketch a cell membrane. Label at least three components and briefly explain what each one does. 102) Describe the composition and function of the extracellular matrix. 103) Define, compare, and contrast each term listed, and explain how the terms are related to each other: tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 104) If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to 104) A) synthesize proteins. B) metabolize sugars. C) produce DNA. D) maintain its balance. E) undergo nuclear division. 105) Which of the following cytoskeleton components are responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division? 105) A) thick filaments B) microtubules C) intermediate filaments D) microfilaments E) All of the answers are correct. 106) A flagellum moves a cell through a fluid medium. What moves the fluid medium across the surface of cells that are not free to move? 106) A) ribosomes B) centrioles C) cilia D) endoplasmic reticulum E) thick filaments 107) Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding mitochondria? 107) A) Mitochondria can replicate themselves only when directed by the cell's nuclear DNA. B) Mitochondria contain their own DNA and RNA. C) The intermembrane space is used in the production of ATP. D) The outer mitochondrial membrane is responsible for its shape. E) Mitochondria are responsible for providing energy to the cell. 108) Plasma is to blood as ________ is to cytoplasm. 108) A) organelle B) serum C) cytosol D) inclusion E) protein 14 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 109) Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following would be a likely product of these cells? 109) A) antibodies B) digestive enzymes C) steroid hormones D) transport proteins E) protein (peptide) hormones 110) In a pancreatic cell producing digestive enzyme, you would expect to find an elaborate 110) A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum. B) rough endoplasmic reticulum. 111) Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to 111) A) epithelium. B) blood. C) bone. D) neural tissue. E) fat. 112) The tissue(s) that is/are considered excitable because of the ability to generate electrical signals is/are called ________ tissue. 112) A) neural B) epithelial C) muscle D) muscle tissue and neural E) muscle tissue, neural tissue, and epithelial 113) You are looking at a slide of an unknown organ that has an empty lumen with stratified squamous epithelium contacting the lumen. Deep to the epithelium is a basement membrane and then two layers of smooth muscle. Which of the following organs would this most likely belong to and why? 113) A) The liver because it secretes enzymes and bile and needs to move them to the gallbladder. B) The esophagus because it is a passageway that needs to move but not absorb food products. C) The intestines because they need to move food along and absorb digested products. D) The urinary bladder because it needs to stretch and constrict to store and eliminate urine. 114) A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to epithelium describes 114) A) the basal lamina. B) endothelium. C) areolar tissue. D) the reticular lamina. E) interfacial canals. 115) The distinguishing characteristic of connective tissue is 115) A) the presence of extensive extracellular matrix containing widely scattered cells. B) that it is arranged in sheets of tissue that lie on body surfaces. C) the collagen fibers that offer support. D) that it is always dividing, constantly being replaced throughout the body. E) All of these characteristics help make connective tissue unique. 15 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 116) Which type of connective tissue does NOT fit with the typical characteristic of a dense ground substance? 116) A) cartilage B) tendons C) adipose D) blood E) bone 117) Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels, and one surface of the cells faces the internal cavity of the organ. This tissue is probably 117) A) fat tissue. B) connective tissue. C) epithelium. D) muscle tissue. E) neural tissue. 118) Increasing muscle mass and decreasing fat content in your body can increase ones use of energy. Why is this? 118) A) Muscle cells have more mitochondria than fat cells. B) Fat is a connective tissue and not an excitable one. C) Fat cells have no blood supply. D) Adipocytes contain more cytoplasmic inclusions. 119) Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals an open framework of fibers with a large volume of fluid ground substance and elastic fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the 119) A) tissue that separates skin from underlying muscle. B) muscle C) inner wall of a blood vessel. D) larynx. E) bony socket of the eye. 120) Mature nerve and muscle cells are expected to lack which organelle(s)? 120) A) Golgi bodies B) ribosomes C) centrioles D) nucleus E) endoplasmic reticulum 121) Neurons in the CNS of the adult don't contain centrioles. What does that tell you about CNS neurons? 121) A) They don't replicate themselves. B) They don't carry nerve impulses. C) It doesn't tell you much of anything. D) They don't produce any products. 122) Only totipotent stem cells are capable of producing new cells in an adult. 122) A) True B) False 123) A lysosome is considered which of the following? 123) A) membranous organelle B) transmembrane protein C) inclusion D) cytoskeletal protein E) glycolipid 16 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 124) Mitochondria are considered which of the following? 124) A) membranous organelle B) transmembrane protein C) inclusion D) cytoskeletal protein E) glycolipid 125) A ribosome is considered which of the following? 125) A) membranous organelle B) transmembrane protein C) inclusion D) cytoskeletal protein E) glycolipid 126) Cilia are considered which of the following? 126) A) membranous organelle B) mitochondrial protein C) adheren D) inclusion E) protein fiber 127) The endoplasmic reticulum is considered which of the following? 127) A) inclusion B) glycocalyx C) mitochondrial protein D) adheren E) membranous organelle 128) This type of epithelia is found in the epidermis, esophagus, and mouth, and these stacked layers of cells prevent exchange, while they resist chemicals, bacteria, and other destructive forces. 128) A) exchange B) transport C) ciliated D) protective E) secretory 129) This type of epithelia actively and selectively regulates the exchange of nongaseous material, such as ions and nutrients, and can be regulated in response to various stimuli. 129) A) exchange B) transport C) ciliated D) protective E) secretory 130) This type of epithelia is composed of thin, flattened cells that allow the rapid passage of O2 and CO2 in and out of the lungs and of certain blood vessels. 130) A) exchange B) transport C) ciliated D) protective E) secretory 131) This type of epithelia has cells that produce a substance and release it, either onto a surface or into the blood. 131) A) exchange B) transport C) ciliated D) protective E) secretory 132) This type of epithelia is composed of cells with membrane extensions that beat in a coordinated fashion to move fluid and particles across the tissue. 132) A) exchange B) transport C) ciliated D) protective E) secretory 17 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn On the row of cells indicated below, match A-E to the terms in the following question(s). Figure 3.1 133) Referring to Figure 3.1, which letter represents the apical membrane? 133) A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 134) Referring to Figure 3.1, which letter represents the basolateral membrane? 134) A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 135) Referring to Figure 3.1, which letter represents the basal lamina? 135) A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 136) Referring to Figure 3.1, which letter represents the plasma membrane? 136) A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 137) Referring to Figure 3.1, which letter represents the cytosol? 137) A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 138) Design a concept map for the types of cell junctions and the proteins that compose them. 139) Cancer is abnormal, uncontrolled cell division. Which property of epithelial tissues makes them more prone to develop this condition? 140) Describe the progression of a fertilized egg, from totipotent cell through pluripotent and multipotent stem cells. How might stem cells be of therapeutic value? What is plasticity? 141) Describe the anatomical and fluid compartments of the body. How do the lumens of hollow organs fit into these classifications? Which fluid-containing cavities are considered to be internal and which are external? Of those that are external, why are they external (give examples)? You may wish to design a flow chart to help answer this. 142) Describe the two general meanings of the term membrane, as used in biology. Which usage indicates layers of cells and which indicates layers of molecules? 143) Give three examples of structures whose formation involves molecular interactions that either increase or decrease contact with water molecules, explaining how they are similar and how they differ from each other. (Hint: They all involve molecules that have both polar and nonpolar portions.) 144) Your study partner is having difficulty understanding dense fibrous connective tissue, tendons, and ligaments. Explain to her how they are related to each other and how they are different from other categories of connective tissue. 145) Define and distinguish between necrosis and apoptosis, and give specific examples of each. 18 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 146) What is the difference between cell movements in response to outside forces and cell-generated movements (in response to specific cell activity)? (Hint: Do red blood cells move because of RBC activity? What causes cell movements associated with cytokinesis?) Using the index of your text to guide you to relevant sections in other chapters (look up entries for the various cytoskeletal proteins), explain the different types of movements that cells generate. 147) If a person who has not exercised regularly begins a consistent exercise routine, she will notice that her metabolism will seem to increase as her endurance improves. Why is this? 148) What is the benefit of having some of the cellular organelles enclosed by a membrane similar to the cell (plasma) membrane? 149) Sketch a short series of simple columnar epithelial cells. Label each of the three different borders. Briefly explain the different kinds of activities that may go on at each border, and tell how their structures and junctions support these functions. 150) Which type of epithelium would one expect to compose the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs? Defend your answer. 151) During a lab practical, Laurant examines a tissue that is composed of densely packed protein fibers that are running parallel and form a cord. There are few nuclei and no striations, and there is no evidence of other cellular structures. Laurant identifies the tissue as skeletal muscle. Why is Laurant's choice wrong, and which tissue is he probably observing? 152) Cancer is not one disease but a group of related diseases, caused by abnormal genes, environmental factors, and/or viral infections. Describe the basic common characteristics of cancers, including the role of anchoring junctions and proteases. What is a tumor? What is metastasis? Is cancer usually considered to be contagious? Explain. 153) In typical women of reproductive age, the epithelial cells lining the uterus (the endometrium) die and are shed from the body roughly once every month, in the process of menstruation. The triggers in this process include chemical (hormonal) changes and contraction of the blood vessels in the lining. Cell death may be a result of either apoptosis or necrosis. Give the characteristics of each process. Devise an argument for classifying the process of menstruation as an example of apoptosis, and then argue for classifying it as necrosis. Which is correct? 154) The most common types of cancer in America include colon cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, and prostate cancer. What do all of these cancers have in common and why are they so prevalent in our society? 155) Apoptosis and necrosis are described as the two ways cells die. Which one is "messy"? Which is "tidy"? Explain. Why do these forms of cell death exist? What are some advantages and/or disadvantages of each? Use the lining cells of the digestive tract in an example of an advantageous process. 156) A. Define stem cells and differentiation, and describe the different types and the extent to which they are present during the life of an individual (include the fertilized egg as well as the adult that eventually results). B. Which of the four tissue types contain populations of stem cells of known function, and what is that function? Which types of tissue have stem cells of unknown function? Do any types of tissue lack stem cells? C. How do fully differentiated cells differ from stem cells? How can stem cells be used in medical treatment? Give examples. 19 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn 157) Stem cell research has become a political topic in the last few decades. Explain why the research is being done, why some cells are favored for this research over others, and what the factors are that cause some people not to support this type of research. Are any alternatives available that are less opposed? 158) Nervous tissue consists of two general types of cells: nerve cells and glial cells. Glial cells are mitotic, whereas neural cells are not (excluding the small population of stem cells). Which type of cell is most likely to be involved in brain cancer, and why? 159) Cell membranes consist of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate in relative amounts that vary according to cell type. Describe the relative proportions of these substances in three structures, and relate these differences to cell function where possible. 160) Nutrients undergo the last stages of digestion by enzymes located on the cells of the small intestine; then the nutrients are absorbed by these same cells by way of various membrane transport processes. Adipose cells absorb and store excess food energy in the form of fat. You and the other students in the physiology lab you are taking are doing an analysis of cell membrane composition, on unknown animal tissue samples labeled A and B. All lab groups determined that sample A contained, on average, 81% protein, 18% lipid, and 1% carbohydrate. Sample B contained 85% lipid, 10% protein, and 5% carbohydrate. Sketch a graph of the class data. You now have to make a logical conclusion as to which sample is more likely to be intestine and which is adipose tissue. What do you conclude, and why? 20 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED1 1) A 2) C 3) B 4) A 5) B 6) B 7) B 8) A 9) D 10) E 11) D 12) B 13) E 14) D 15) D 16) B 17) D 18) C 19) B 20) A 21) A 22) E 23) A 24) A 25) C 26) B 27) B 28) C 29) D 30) E 31) B 32) A 33) B 34) A 35) E 36) C 37) B 38) E 39) B 40) E 41) E 42) A 43) A 44) B 45) D 46) C 47) A 48) D 49) E 50) A 21 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED1 51) E 52) D 53) E 54) A 55) A 56) E 57) A 58) E 59) E 60) E 61) D 62) B 63) A 64) D 65) A 66) E 67) D 68) E 69) C 70) B 71) E 72) A 73) E 74) B 75) B 76) A 77) B 78) E 79) B 80) D 81) E 82) C 83) A 84) B 85) E 86) D 87) C 88) E 89) C 90) C 91) B 92) D 93) A 94) C 95) C 96) B 22 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED1 97) Microtubules are a cytoskeletal protein made of tubulin. Microtubules form a major component of the internal scaffolding of the cell. Microtubules can also be assembled into cilia and flagella, which are organelles that produce cell-generated movements, and into centrioles and spindle fibers. Centrioles produce the spindle fibers, which are responsible for changing the position of chromosomes during nuclear division. Centrioles are part of a larger structure known as the centrosome, which also includes a darkly staining material and acts as the cell's microtubule organizing center. 98) See Table 3.4 and the "Tissues of the Body" section in the chapter. 99) The cytoskeleton consists of actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules and forms a scaffold throughout the cytoplasm. An interesting feature is that some of the proteins are relatively fixed in position, whereas others can be rapidly assembled or disassembled as necessary. The functions include providing mechanical strength and shape, stabilizing position of organelles, intracellular transport system, functional linkage to other cells and to extracellular space, and cell-generated movements. 100) All are structures involved in synthesis of biomolecules. All but ribosomes are membranous structures. Ribosomes may be free or attached to ER, making it rough. See Figure 3.4 in the chapter. 101) See Figure 3.2 102) In any tissue, the extracellular matrix consists of two basic components: proteoglycans and insoluble proteins. The matrix plays an important role in processes ranging from growth and development to cell death. The matrix aids in cell communication with its environment by attaching to the cell membrane or cytoskeleton. 103) Each term is a type or subtype of connective tissue. Tendons attach skeletal muscle to bone, whereas ligaments connect bone to bone. Cartilage and bone together are structurally supportive tissues. See Figure 3.12 and 3.13 in the chapter. 104) E 105) B 106) C 107) A 108) C 109) C 110) B 111) C 112) D 113) B 114) A 115) A 116) D 117) C 118) A 119) A 120) C 121) A 122) B 123) A 124) A 125) C 126) E 127) E 128) D 129) B 130) A 131) E 132) C 133) B 23 Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Full file at https://TestBanksCafe.eu/Test-Bank-for-Human-Physiology-An-Integrated-Approach-7th-Edition-Dee-Unglaub-Silverthorn Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED1 134) E 135) C 136) D 137) A 138) This is discussed in the "Tissues of the Body" section of the chapter and shown in Figure 3.8a. 139) Epithelial tissues contain a population of dividing cells, which divide at a moderate rate. 140) This is discussed in the "Tissue Remodeling" section of the chapter. 141) The anatomical compartments are the cranial cavity, containing the brain; the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and lungs; and the abdominopelvic cavity, containing organs of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. The fluid compartments are the intracellular fluid (inside the cells) and the extracellular fluid (outside the cells). The extracellular fluids are found in the interstitial fluid between cells and the plasma of the blood, which is in the lumen of the circulatory system. Lumens of hollow organs such as the digestive and urinary tracts are part of the external environment, whereas the intracellular and interstitial fluids are internal. The lumen of the circulatory system is also internal. External lumens are those that open to the outside environment. These openings include the mouth, nostrils, anus, urethral, and vaginal orifices. 142) Prior to the use of microscopes, membranes were simply thin, flexible layers of cells that separated large compartments or lined large cavities. When microscopic study of cells allowed visualization of the cell envelope and organelles, the term membrane was additionally applied to thin layers of molecules. 143) Phospholipids have a polar portion that is attracted to water and a nonpolar portion that repels water. The molecules orient in water such that water is excluded from contacting the nonpolar portions. This is seen in: the bilayer arrangement of phospholipids in cell membranes, in which hydrophobic tails are in the middle of the layer; micelles, in which a single layer of phospholipids forms a sphere with the hydrophobic tails in the middle; and liposomes, which are hollow spheres made from phospholipid bilayers that can be filled with water-soluble molecules. 144) Dense fibrous connective tissue is a category of connective tissue, distinct from loose, adipose, blood, bone, and cartilage. It is not as dense as cartilage and bone but is denser than the other types listed. Like loose connective tissues, fibroblasts are the primary cell type, but unlike loose, the matrix consists of relatively more protein fibers and less ground substance. Like bone and cartilage, the fibers are primarily collagen. The fibers can be arranged randomly (irregular) or parallel to each other (regular). Tendons and ligaments are both composed of dense fibrous connective tissue. Tendons attach muscles to bones, whereas ligaments attach bones to bones; tendons lack elastic fibers, but they [Show Less]