Test Bank for Essentials of Cultural Anthro- pology 3rd Edition by Bailey 2
The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft
1. In Europe during the
... [Show More] Middle Ages, it was believed that
a. all species had evolved from a common ancestor.
b. evolution was the result of natural selection acting upon genetic variation.
c. all forms were created by God and did not change over time.
d. most species had become extinct over time.
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e. life was created slowly, over millions of years.
ANS: C REF: 26 DIF: Factual OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
2. The belief that species do not change but are the same as when first created is known as
a. fixity of species.
b. the Great Chain of Being.
c. heliocentric.
d. uniformitarianism.
e. natural selections.
ANS: A REF: 27 DIF: Factual OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
3. Just as technological change is based on past achievements, scientific knowledge builds on previ- ously developed
a. hypothesis.
b. ideas.
c. technology.
d. theories.
e. beliefs.
ANS: D REF: 26 DIF: Factual OBJ: 5 MSC: New
4. The plan of the entire universe was viewed as
a. the binomial system.
b. natural selection.
c. uniformitarianism.
d. God’s design.
e. Lamarckism.
ANS: D REF: 27 DIF: Factual OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
5. How did the discovery of the Americas (New World) impact European understanding of biological diversity?
A. It exposed them to plants and animals they had never seen.
B. It proved the validity of biblical texts.
C. It demonstrated fixity of species.
D. It supported standing notions of the Great Chain of Beings.
E. It had no impact on notions of biological diversity.
ANS: A REF: 28 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: New
6. The fact that anatomical structures appear to be uniquely fitted to the functions they serve was the basis for the
a. theory of uniformitarianism.
b. theory of natural selection.
c. theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
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d. theory of catastrophism.
e. argument from design.
ANS: E REF: 27 DIF: Factual OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
7. Which 16th century Polish mathematician was credited with removing the earth as the center of all things (heliocentric)?
a. John Ray
b. Copernicus
c. Galileo Galilei
d. Aristotle
e. Charles Lyell
ANS: B REF: 28 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: New
8. Who first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were distinguished from other such groups by their ability to reproduce?
A. John Ray
B. Charles Darwin
C. Carolus Linnaeus
D. Alfred Russel Wallace
E. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
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9. Who developed the binomial system of classifying biological organisms?
a. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
b. Georges Cuvier
c. Carolus Linnaeus
d. Charles Lyell
e. Erasmus Darwin
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10. Carolus Linnaeus
a. developed a binomial system of classification for plants and animals.
b. was a proponent of evolutionary change.
c. opposed all notions of fixity of species.
d. was a supporter of Charles Darwin.
e. developed theories of natural selection.
ANS: A REF: 29 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
11. was an 18th century thinker who believed that living forms changed in response to the en- vironment. Although he did not think nature was perfect or had a grand purpose, he still rejected the idea that one species could give rise to another.
a. Alfred Russel Wallace
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b. Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon
c. Erasmus Darwin
d. John Ray
e. Georges Cuvier
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12. Which naturalist attempted to explain the evolutionary process by suggesting a dynamic relationship between species and the environment?
a. Jean Baptiste Lamarck.
b. Erasmus Darwin.
c. Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon.
d. Galileo Galilei.
e. Charles Lyell.
ANS: A REF: 30 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: New
13. Who was the first to offer a scientific explanation for how species changed?
a. Carolus Linnaeus
b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
c. Charles Lyell
d. Charles Darwin
e. Erasmus Darwin
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14. The theory that the frequent use of an organ caused it to be enhanced was developed by
a. Charles Darwin.
b. Carolus Linnaeus.
c. Georges Cuvier.
d. Charles Lyell.
e. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
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15. The role of the environment as a significant factor in evolutionary change was first recognized and stated by
a. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
b. Georges Cuvier.
c. Thomas Malthus.
d. Charles Darwin.
e. Charles Lyell.
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16. The term “biology” was coined by
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a. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
b. Georges Cuvier.
c. Thomas Malthus.
d. Charles Darwin.
e. Charles Lyell.
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17. The theory that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual could be passed on to that individual’s offspring is termed
a. natural selection.
b. catastrophism.
c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
d. uniformitarianism.
e. fixity of species.
ANS: C REF: 30 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 & 2 MSC: Pickup
18. The view that the extinction and the subsequent appearance of more modern forms could be ex- plained by a series of disasters and creations is known as
a. natural selection.
b. catastrophism.
c. use-disuse theory.
d. uniformitarianism.
e. descent with modification.
ANS: B REF: 30 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 & 2 MSC: Pickup
19. The opponent of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck who proposed the theory of catastrophism was
a. Charles Lyell.
b. Alfred Russel Wallace.
c. Thomas Malthus.
d. Erasmus Darwin.
e. Georges Cuvier.
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20. Thomas Malthus
a. proposed that population size is kept in check by the limited availability of resources.
b. wrote the theory of catastrophism
c. wrote the theory of uniformitarianism
d. had no influence on the development of Darwin’s and Wallace’s theories of natural selection.
e. was a 16th century mathematician
ANS: A REF: 31 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: New
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21. Who proposed that population size increases at a faster rate than food supplies?
a. Erasmus Darwin
b. Alfred Russel Wallace
c. Thomas Malthus
d. Charles Lyell
e. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
ANS: C REF: 31 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
22. Who wrote Principles of Geology and emphasized the principle of uniformitarianism?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Charles Lyell
c. Alfred Russel Wallace
d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
e. Thomas Malthus
ANS: B REF: 32 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
23. The principle of uniformitarianism
a. stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present.
b. was a problem for the development of evolutionary theories.
c. proposed that the earth was only a few thousand years old.
d. was the same as the theory of catastrophism.
e. was first proposed by Georges Cuvier.
ANS: A REF: 31 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
24. Which concept, proposed by Charles Lyell, was to have a profound effect on 19th century scientific thought?
A. recent origins for earth
B. the role of catastrophic events in producing geological phenomena
C. natural selection
D. the immense age of the earth and uniform processes
E. the inheritance of acquired characteristics
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25. Mary Anning is credited with
a. the principle of uniformitarianism.
b. being the co discoverer of natural selection.
c. became known as one of the world’s leading “fossilists.”
d. being married to Charles Darwin.
e. writing the book Principles of Geology.
ANS: C REF: 32 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: New
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26. Charles Darwin
a. grew up in modest circumstances.
b. began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s.
c. received no formal education.
d. spent two years in Africa where he developed the theory of natural selection.
e. was a physician who studied natural history as a hobby.
ANS: BREF: 34-35 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 & 2 MSC: Pickup
27. Although Darwin went aboard the HMS Beagle believing on the fixity of species, what discovery changed his beliefs?
a. the people he met on the ship.
b. the discovery of fossils of ancient giant animals similar to contemporary species.
c. the distance from church and society.
d. the death of his child.
e. the discovery of savages which looked more like apes.
ANS: B REF: 34 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: New
28. Charles Darwin
a. was reluctant to publish his theories.
b. wrote his theory of natural selection while still on board the Beagle.
c. published his theories as soon as he returned from his voyage on the Beagle.
d. was not concerned with public opinion and did not mind if his theories were criticized.
e. knew his friends and colleagues would not be affected by the publication of his theory.
ANS: A REF: 37 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
29. Which contemporary of Charles Darwin also developed a theory of evolution by means of natural se- lection?
a. Charles Lyell
b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
c. Erasmus Darwin
d. Alfred Russel Wallace
e. Georges Cuvier
ANS: D REF: 37 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 & 2 MSC: Pickup
30. The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for the theory of
a. uniformitarianism.
b. natural selection.
c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
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d. catastrophism.
e. the fixity of species.
ANS: B REF: 36 DIF: Factual OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
31. Which of the following concepts DID NOT influence Darwin in developing his theory of evolution?
a. Population size increases more rapidly than food supplies.
b. There is competition among individuals for resources.
c. Species are unchanging types, and individual variation within a species is not important.
d. There is biological variation in all members of a species.
e. Favorable variations are passed on and accumulate in populations over time.
ANS: C REF: 35-36 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 & 3 MSC: Pickup
32. Which species in the Galapagos islands was fundamental to Darwin’s evolutionary ideas?
a. The boobies
b. The seals
c. The tortoises
d. The finches
e. The iguanas
ANS: D REF: 35-36 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 & 3 MSC: New
33. Selective pressures
A. remain constant, regardless of the environment.
B. are unimportant in the evolutionary process.
C. can change if environmental conditions change.
D. are directionless and random.
E. are not related to adaptation.
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34. “Fitness”, in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual’s
a. strength.
b. reproductive success.
c. aggressiveness.
d. size.
e. age at death.
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35. Which of the following is true about Alfred Russel Wallace?
a. He was born into a very wealthy family.
b. He joined expeditions to the Amazon and Southeast Asia.
c. He was a very close friend of Charles Lyell.
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d. He published an article titled Principles of Geology.
e. In 1858, he received Darwin’s paper titled On the Origin of Species.
ANS: B REF: 38 DIF: Factual OBJ: 2 MSC: New
36. Natural selection operates on , but it is the population that evolves.
a. animals
b. environment
c. individuals
d. populations
e. finches
ANS: C REF: 39 DIF: Factual OBJ: 3 MSC: New
37. Creationist have been promoting laws that mandate teachings of creationism in public school, yet which U.S. Constitution Amendment has overruled these laws?
a. the 18th Amendment
b. the 3rd Amendment
c. the 1st Amendment
d. the 13th Amendment
e. these laws have not been overruled.
ANS: C REF: 44 DIF: Factual OBJ: 6 MSC: New
38. Religious groups who believe in an absolutely literal interpretation of the Bible are called
a. scientists
b. Muslims
c. shamans
d. messiahs
e. fundamentalists
ANS: E REF: 43 DIF: Factual OBJ: 6 MSC: New
True/False Questions
1. Evolution is a theory that has little scientific support.
ANS: False REF: 26 DIF: Factual OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup
2. The “argument from design” was only authored and proposed by Charles Darwin.
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ANS: False REF: 27 DIF: Factual OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
3. Erasmus Darwin was probably an important influence in Charles Darwin’s evolutionary thinking.
ANS: True REF: 30 DIF: Conceptual OBJ: 1 MSC: New
4. Use-disuse theory has recently displaced natural selection as mainstream science’s most accepted theory of evolutionary change.
ANS: False REF: 30 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
5. Georges Cuvier, author of Principles of Geology, is considered the founder of modern geology.
ANS: False REF: 30 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
6. Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection while visiting the Galápagos Islands and observing its finches.
ANS: False REF: 34-37 DIF: Factual OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
7. Charles Darwin acknowledged the importance of sexual reproduction when formulating his theory of natural selection.
ANS: True REF: 36 DIF: Factual OBJ: 3 & 4 MSC: Pickup
8. Charles Darwin refrained from immediately publishing his theory of natural selection because he was aware of its controversial nature.
ANS: True REF: 37 DIF: Factual OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
9. There are no well-documented examples of natural selection operating in natural populations.
ANS: False REF: 39-40 DIF: Factual OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
10. Intelligent Design is not science because creationists insist that their view is absolute and infallible.
ANS: True REF: 44 DIF: Factual OBJ: 6 MSC: New
11. Some surveys show that about half of all Americans do not believe evolution occurs.
ANS: True REF: 43 DIF: Factual OBJ: 6 MSC: New
12. Proponents of “creation science” hold that their ideas are absolute and infallible.
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