Exam (elaborations) Test Bank For Cognition 6th Edition By Radvansky
Test Bank For Cognition 6th Edition By Radvansky Complete downloadable file at: 1.
... [Show More] The student of mental activity and thinking, broadly conceived, is called __________. a. cognitive science b. mind science c. cognitive studies d. mind studies Page: 2 Type: conceptual Answer: a 2. When did the cognitive revolution occur? a. early 1970s b. late 1950s c. late 1850s d. mid-1940s Page: 2 Type: factual Answer: b 3. Memory does NOT involve __________. a. a mental storage system b. acquiring information c. complex decision making d. mental processes Page: 6 Type: conceptual Answer: c 4. The mental process of acquiring and retaining information for later retrieval is __________. a. cognition b. memory c. planning d. forecasting Page: 6 Type: conceptual Answer: b 5. Cognition does NOT involve __________. a. reflexes b. mental activities c. perceiving d. understanding Page: 6 Type: conceptual Answer: a 1 Full file at 6. The collection of mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding is __________. a. operations b. mentalism c. cognition d. computational neuroscience Page: 6 Type: conceptual Answer: c 7. People first began wondering about how the mind worked __________. a. after the cognitive revolution b. after Aristotle c. after Descartes d. before any of these people or events Page: 7 Type: conceptual Answer: d 8. Reductionism is __________. a. the method in which observers are carefully trained to report on inner sensations and experiences b. the building blocks underlying the structure of the brain c. the branch of experimental psychology that deals with human participants as they learn verbal materials, e.g., items or stimuli composed of letters and/or words d. attempting to understand a complex event by breaking the event down into its components Page: 7 Type: conceptual Answer: d 9. Ecological validity means __________. a. the amount of experimental control the experimenter has over the important manipulations b. acquiring and retaining information for later retrieval c. attempting to break down complex events by breaking them down into their components d. representative of the real world Page: 7 Type: conceptual Answer: d 10. If we hear a complaint that experimental psychology research lacks ecological validity, the person is complaining that __________. a. the research is not representative of real-world situations b. the research lacks sufficient precision c. the research lacks an appropriate comparison group d. we are attempting to understand complex phenomena by breaking them down into their components Page: 7 Type: applied Answer: a 11. If something is generalizable to real-world situations, it __________. a. is pragmatic b. acquires an air of confidence c. has ecological validity d. no longer is basic science Page: 7 2 Full file at Type: conceptual Answer: c 12. A person trying to understand complex events by breaking them down into their components is using __________. a. fragmentation b. reductionism c. a parsing approach d. distillation Page: 7 Type: applied Answer: b 13. Who said, “I think, therefore I am”? a. Rene Descartes b. William James c. Aristotle d. Immanuel Kant Page: 7 Type: factual Answer: a 14. Empirical observations are those that __________. a. rely on observation, experimentation, or measurement b. characterize an entire set of research data c. are conducted in a field setting outside the laboratory d. compare people of different ages at a given moment in time Page: 9 Type: conceptual Answer: a 15. The philosophy that observation is to be the basis for much of science is __________. a. empiricism b. rationalism c. structuralism d. functionalism Page: 9 Type: conceptual Answer: a 16. Which of the following is NOT true? a. Wundt established the first psychological laboratory. b. Wundt’s student Titchner advocated the approach known as structuralism. c. Wundt believed strongly that the proper topic for psychology was “conscious processes and immediate experience.” d. Wundt advocated the approach known as functionalism. Page: 9 Type: factual Answer: d 17. Who is credited with being the first experimental psychologist? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. William James c. Edward Titchner d. John Watson Page: 9 3 Full file at Type: factual Answer: a 18. Radical empiricists believe that the mind starts out as a __________. a. cogito blanco b. tabula rasa c. scientia est potestas d. semper fideles Page: 9 Type: conceptual Answer: b 19. Many of the topics of Wundt’s research would fall under what we now label as ________ psychology. a. clinical b. counseling c. industrial/organizational d. cognitive Page: 9 Type: conceptual Answer: d 20. Titchener is most strongly associated with __________. a. structuralism b. functionalism c. the cognitive revolution d. Gestalt psychology Page: 10 Type: factual Answer: a 21. Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to systematically study __________. a. perception b. attention c. problem solving d. memory Page: 10 Type: factual Answer: d 22. Edward Titchener believed __________. a. that nothing worthwhile would come of studying mental processes b. that mental illness, educational applications, and social psychology were “impure” because they could not be studied using introspection c. that the appropriate goal for psychology was the objective assessment of association formation d. that the functions of consciousness, rather than its structure, were of interest Page: 10 Type: conceptual Answer: b 23. Which is true of Ebbinghaus? a. He was interested in memory. b. He was interested in perception. c. He was interested in reasoning. d. He was interested in studying introspection. Page: 10 4 Full file at Type: factual Answer: a 5 Full file at 24. Most associated with the method of savings is __________. a. Hermann von Ebbinghaus b. William James c. Wilhelm Wundt d. B.F. Skinner Page: 10 Type: factual Answer: a 25. William James believed __________. a. that nothing worthwhile would come of studying mental processes b. that mental illness, educational applications, and social psychology were “impure” because they could not be studied with introspective methods c. that the appropriate goal for psychology was the objective assessment of association formation d. that the functions of consciousness, rather than its structure, were of interest Page: 11 Type: conceptual Answer: d 26. An approach that asks the questions “What is it for?” and “How does it adapt?” is __________. a. functionalism b. structuralism c. empiricism d. reductionism Page: 11 Type: conceptual Answer: a 27. William James’s research output was __________. a. high b. low c. skewed d. artificial Page: 11 Type: factual Answer: b 28. Behaviorism had its strongest impact __________. a. on the popular press b. in clinical treatments c. in America d. with education Page: 12 Type: factual Answer: c 29. How do some psychologists describe the transition from behaviorism to cognitivism? a. a revolution b. a regression c. a simple relabeling d. a tragedy Page: 12 Type: factual Answer: a 6 Full file at 30. Which is NOT a characteristic of behaviorism? a. scientific study of behavior b. focus on observable, quantifiable behavior c. antimentalist d. the first major school of thought in experimental psychology Page: 12 Type: conceptual Answer: d 31. The behaviorist manifesto is associated with __________. a. Hull b. Watson c. Skinner d. Tolman Page: 12 Type: factual Answer: b 32. __________ believed that observable, quantifiable behavior is the proper topic of psychology, not the fuzzy and unscientific concepts of thoughts, mind, and consciousness. a. Wundt b. Watson c. Ebbinghaus d. James Page: 12 Type: factual Answer: b 33. Neobehaviorism differs from behaviorism in __________. a. allowing the scientific study of observable behavior b. allowing introspective methodologies c. incorporating psychophysiological measures d. allowing unobserved mediating variables Page: 12 Type: conceptual Answer: d 34. Which was NOT a reason for the rise to dominance of behaviorism? a. seemingly endless debates within structuralism regarding “appropriate” interpretation b. physics envy c. success in modeling learning d. The tabula rasa position provided a superior account for species-specific behaviors. Page: 12 Type: conceptual Answer: d 35. According to behaviorists and neobehaviorists, the ultimate purpose of research on learning was to understand __________. a. the building blocks of conscious experience b. the acquisition of behavior by conditioning c. performance, rather than learning d. memory, rather than cognition Page: 12 Type: conceptual Answer: b 7 Full file at 36. Which of the following was NOT a challenge to the behaviorist approach? a. language b. attention c. vigilance d. S–R learning Page: 13 Type: conceptual Answer: d 37. Which of the following does NOT challenge a pure behaviorist perspective? a. demonstrated effects of attention b. the role of vigilance in a skilled performance task c. language d. incorporating Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning Page: 13 Type: conceptual Answer: d 38. What was a problem with traditional behaviorism as revealed to experimental psychologists doing work during World War II? a. Most of the Army and Navy had to deal with people, not rats. b. Much longer retention periods of knowledge were involved. c. It did not address practical concerns, such as vigilance. d. The principles of behaviorism were all shown to be incorrect. Page: 13 Type: factual Answer: c 39. Which of the following was an outgrowth of Ebbinghaus’s work on memory? a. B.F. Skinner’s behaviorism b. verbal learning theorists c. researchers studying operant conditioning d. Gestalt psychology Page: 14 Type: factual Answer: b 40. One of the legacies of verbal learning was that __________. a. it reinforced the dominant behaviorist ideals about mental activity b. it provided a way to study mental processes in an objective manner c. no one could find any theoretical basis for the work d. an effective counterweight to research on verbal behavior was found Page: 14 Type: conceptual Answer: b 41. __________ wrote a review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior. This review clearly illustrated the shortcomings of the behaviorist account of language. a. Descartes b. James c. Watson d. Chomsky Page: 15 Type: factual Answer: d 8 Full file at 42. The cognitive manifesto is associated with __________. a. Thorndike b. Chomsky c. Sperling d. Bartlett Page: 15 Type: factual Answer: c 42. The essence of Chomsky’s review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior book was that __________. a. Skinner failed to supply an adequate computer model of verbal learning b. Skinner relied too heavily on animal models c. Skinner failed to consider the role of attention d. Skinner’s work was a mere terminological revision, in which terms borrowed from the laboratory were used in the full vagueness of their ordinary usage Page: 15 Type: conceptual Answer: d 43. Which of the following is a common analogy used by cognitive psychologists to describe or characterize how people think? a. attention b. digital computer c. context d. structuralist perspective Page: 19 Type: conceptual Answer: b 44. Which of the following is a central analogy of cognitive psychology? e. the flowchart f. the building blocks underlying the structure of the brain g. the whole is greater than the sum of the parts: the importance of context. h. the digital computer Page: 19 Type: conceptual Answer: d 45. In response to a difficult question, a person is likely to respond more slowly than if an easy question had been asked. In terms of the overall response times, the difficult question would yield __________. a. response times with lower numbers b. response times with higher numbers c. response times would not differ d. not enough information has been provided Page: 20 Type: applied Answer: b 9 Full file at 46. In response to an easy question, a person is likely to answer quicker than if a hard question was asked. With a sufficiently powerful experiment, it is likely that a statistical analysis would reveal that __________. a. response times would be lower for difficult questions than for easy questions b. response times would be higher for difficult questions than for easy questions c. response times would not differ for easy and difficult questions d. not enough information has been provided Page: 20 Type: applied Answer: b 47. How many milliseconds in a second? a. 1/100th b. 10 c. 100 d. 1000 Page: 20 Type: factual Answer: d 48. What is a good means of assessing how much a person remembers from something they read earlier? a. response time b. accuracy c. verbal reports d. content analysis Page: 21 Type: conceptual Answer: b 49. What type of information is useful in identifying instances in which a person has distorted memory? a. intrusions rather than accuracy b. strictly accuracy c. skewed response times d. formative interference Page: 22 Type: conceptual Answer: a 50. The Atkinson & Shiffrin model provides a useful summary of overall cognitive function. Their model is normally referred to as __________. a. the standard model b. a connectionist model c. a process model d. a channel capacity model Page: 23 Type: factual Answer: a 51. Which of the following is NOT part of the “standard theory”? a. long-term memory b. sensory register c. STM/working memory d. explicit memory Page: 23 Type: factual Answer: d 10 Full file at 52. In cognition, STM almost always refers to __________. a. sensory terminal memory b. short-term memory c. salience to me d. standard theory of memory Page: 23 Type: factual Answer: b 53. The act of taking in information and converting it to a usable mental form is __________. a. STM b. connectionism c. retrieval d. encoding Page: 23 Type: factual Answer: d 54. What is a way of making a theory more explicit about how cognition proceeds during a task? a. Create a process model. b. Deconstruct a simulation. c. Formulate a mathematical inference machine. d. Establish a protocol. Page: 24 Type: factual Answer: a 55. A lexical decision task is __________. a. a process model b. a connectionist model c. a word decision task d. a priming task Page: 24 Type: factual Answer: c 56. The word frequency effect illustrates __________. a. serial exhaustive processing of the memory set b. congruency effects c. the fact that common words produce larger response times d. the fact that common words produce smaller response times Page: 25 Type: conceptual Answer: d 57. Accounts positing independent nonoverlapping stages of processing are referred to as __________. a. protocol models b. stage models c. parallel processing models d. conceptually driven processing models Page: 26 Type: factual Answer: b 11 Full file at 58. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of a strict serial processing approach? a. independent and nonoverlapping stages b. sequential stages of processing c. Response times indicate processing duration. d. parallel processing Page: 26 Type: conceptual Answer: d 59. The sentence “I do not have to attend to what the cat will eat tomorrow” includes ten occurrences of the letter T. The Radvansky and Ashcraft text argues that people’s difficulties in finding all of the Ts reflects __________. a. channel capacity b. a failure to read the textbook c. top-down processing d. connectionist modeling Page: 27 Type: conceptual Answer: c 60. How can context influence processing? a. It can guide the flow of cognition. b. There are no [Show Less]