Test Bank for Becker’s World of the Cell 9th Edition by Jeff Hardin Becker’s The World of the Cell, 9e (Hardin/Bertoni/Kleinsmith) Instant Download
... [Show More] Click link below to buy: https://www.coursesexams.com/test-bank-for-beckers-world-of-the-cell-9thedition-by-jeff-hardin/ OR Email us at: [email protected] OR visit: https://www.coursesexams.com/ Chapter 1 A Preview of Cell Biology 1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Robert Hooke coined the term cell when studying thin slices of cork. These ________ were the first cells observed because ________. 1. A) dead plant cells; the thick cells walls did not require high resolution or magnification to view 2. B) dead animal cells; they were immobile and did not need to be fixed before viewing 3. C) compartments; they were actually the result of multiple cells that had merged and died to form large compartments that were easy to view 4. D) immune cells; they produce antibodies that embed in the cell membrane to make it visible 5. E) “little rooms”; they were 100 nm in diameter, much larger than most plant cells Answer: A Chapter Section: 1.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Contact: [email protected] Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 2) The Latin phrase omnis cellula e cellula refers to a cellular principle. Which of the following statements is the best interpretation of this phrase? 1. A) Tissues are composed of similar cells. 2. B) Cells generally are found in clusters. 3. C) All cells arise only from preexisting cells. 4. D) Organs are composed of tissues and cells. 5. E) The cell is the basic unit of structure. Answer: C Chapter Section: 1.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G7 3) ________ improved the original light microscope in the late 1600s, allowing the visualization of ________. 1. A) Theodor Schwann; the internal structures of cells, such as ribosomes, nuclei, and golgi bodies 2. B) Robert Hooke; bacteria and viruses 3. C) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek; sperm cells, bacteria, algae, and other protists 4. D) Robert Brown; cell structures using fluorescent antibodies 5. E) Rudolf Virchow; collagen and muscle cells Answer: C Chapter Section: 1.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G1 4) Which organelle stores most of the DNA in plant and animal cells? 1. A) Golgi complex 2. B) mitochondrion 3. C) chloroplast 4. D) nucleus 5. E) lysosome Answer: D Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G1 5) Which of the following statements is false? 1. A) All organisms consist of one or more cells. 2. B) All cells arise from preexisting cells. 3. C) The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms. 4. D) All cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. 5. E) Cells come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes. Answer: D Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G7 6) Which of the following is true of a nanometer? 1. A) A nanometer is about the size of a common bacterial cell. 2. B) A nanometer is one millionth of a meter. 3. C) A nanometer is equivalent to 10 Angstroms (Å). 4. D) The nanometer is the most common measurement used in measuring whole cells. 5. E) None of the above. Answer: C Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 7) Which of the following is closest to a micrometer in size? 1. A) the width of a strand of DNA 2. B) the length of a plant cell 3. C) the length of a chicken egg 4. D) a typical prokaryotic cell 5. E) the size of a ribosome Answer: D Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 8) Cell biology emerged from which of the following fields of biology? 1. A) biochemistry 2. B) cytology 3. C) genetics 4. D) biochemistry, cytology, and genetics 5. E) cytology and biochemistry Answer: D Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 9) Which of the following is smallest? 1. A) ribosome 2. B) virus 3. C) protein 4. D) mitochondrion 5. E) prokaryote Answer: C Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 10) Early microscopes did not allow clear visualization of cells because they were limited by 1. A) magnification. 2. B) number of kernels. 3. C) resolution. 4. D) refraction. 5. E) both magnification and resolution. Answer: E Chapter Section: 1.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 11) You are working on a project that involves the direct observation of DNA molecules. The microscope that would give you the best information at this time would be the 1. A) light microscope. 2. B) phase-contrast microscope. 3. C) transmission electron microscope. 4. D) digital video microscope. 5. E) fluorescent microscope. Answer: C Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 12) The limit of resolution can best be defined as 1. A) the distance that an object must be moved to be distinguished from its background. 2. B) the inverse of the wavelength of light; it is greatest for black light. 3. C) the distance that two objects must be apart to be distinguished as separate objects. 4. D) the solvent that must be available to remix a solution. 5. E) the magnification power of a microscope. Answer: C Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 13) How does brightfield microscopy allow images to be visualized? 1. A) Specimens are illuminated with white light. 2. B) Electrons strike the specimen being examined. 3. C) Specimens are fixed and have bright fluorescent molecules attached to them. 4. D) Specimens are illuminated with blue light to visualize internal features of cells smaller than 100 nm. 5. E) Specimens are viewed under phased light to improve magnification. Answer: A Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G7 14) Which of the following is an application of immunofluorescence microscopy? 1. A) Visualization of the natural fluorescence of a specimen under UV light. 2. B) Identification of specific components of the immune system. 3. C) Identifying which organelle or cellular compartment contains a particular protein. 4. D) Visualization of the surface structures of a specimen. 5. E) Construction of three-dimensional images of structures smaller than 10 nm. Answer: C Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G1 15) Which type of microscopy enhances and amplifies slight changes in the phase of transmitted light? 1. A) differential interference contrast microscopy 2. B) digital video microscopy 3. C) fluorescence microscopy 4. D) phase-contrast microscopy 5. E) both differential interference contrast microscopy and phase-contrast microscopy Answer: E Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G1 16) Which type of microscopy has the greatest resolving power? 1. A) electron microscopy 2. B) phase-contrast microscopy 3. C) fluorescence microscopy 4. D) digital video microscopy 5. E) confocal scanning microscopy Answer: A Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 17) Which of the following can only be viewed by electron microscopy? 1. A) frog eggs 2. B) DNA 3. C) nuclei 4. D) mitochondria 5. E) prokaryotes Answer: B Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 18) Which of the following types of light microscopy improves the resolution of thick specimens by illuminating one plane of the specimen at a time? 1. A) fluorescence microscopy 2. B) phase-contrast microscopy 3. C) confocal microscopy 4. D) differential interference contrast microscopy 5. E) brightfield microscopy Answer: C Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 19) A scientist is examining motile protist. He wishes to determine their direction of movement. Which of the following microscopic techniques is least likely to be used to view these cells? 1. A) light microscopy 2. B) electron microscopy 3. C) differential interference contrast microscopy 4. D) fluorescence microscopy 5. E) phase-contrast microscopy Answer: B Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G2 20) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is especially suited to 1. A) observing living specimens. 2. B) examining internal cellular structure. 3. C) creating a sense of depth. 4. D) both observing living specimens and creating a sense of depth. 5. E) simultaneously observing living specimens, examining internal cellular structure, and creating a sense of depth. Answer: C Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G2 21) Melvin Calvin and his colleagues used which of the following to deduce the steps in the Calvin cycle? 1. A) negative staining 2. B) Drosophila melanogaster 3. C) electron microscopy 4. D) ultracentrifugation 5. E) radioisotopes Answer: E Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G1 22) A microtome is used to 1. A) view microscopic organisms. 2. B) slice thin sections of specimens. 3. C) focus short wavelengths of light. 4. D) manipulate tiny objects. 5. E) dissect cellular organelles. Answer: B Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 23) The classic work of Friedrich Wöhler (1828) that united the fields of biology and chemistry was based on the 1. A) discovery of yeast ferments. 2. B) production of urea in the laboratory. 3. C) discovery of ATP. 4. D) identification of nucleotide bases. 5. E) analysis of gene segregation. Answer: B Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G1 24) You wish to obtain a purified sample of mitochondria from lysed cells. The best way to obtain this sample would be 1. A) centrifugation. 2. B) chromatography. 3. C) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 4. D) agarose gel electrophoresis. 5. E) both centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Answer: A Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Evaluation Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G2, G7 25) 1 mm = ________ nm 1. A) 1,000,000 2. B) 1000 3. C) 10 4. D) 1/1000 5. E) 1/1,000,000 Answer: A Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 26) The outcome of the joining of cytology and biochemistry yielded a better understanding of the cell by 1. A) identification of cellular structures. 2. B) identification of cellular biochemical pathways. 3. C) creating bioinformatics. 4. D) identification of cellular structures and biochemical pathways. 5. E) identification of biochemical pathways and creating bioinformatics. Answer: D Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 27) Wöhler revolutionized biology through his demonstration that biological molecules are governed by the ordinary laws of physics and chemistry. He demonstrated this principle by 1. A) synthesizing urea in the laboratory from ammonium cyanate. 2. B) developing techniques for isolating, purifying, and analyzing subcomponents of cells. 3. C) defining the laws of heredity. 4. D) discovering active agents in cell extracts that were specific biological catalysts that have since come to be called enzymes. 5. E) inventing mass spectrometry which is commonly used to determine the size and composition of individual proteins. Answer: A Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 28) Gregor Mendel was most influential in which field of biology? 1. A) genetics 2. B) chromatography 3. C) biochemistry 4. D) prokaryotic transformation 5. E) cytology Answer: A Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 29) The scientific work that established DNA, rather than protein, as the molecule of heredity was performed prior to 1. A) Mendel’s work on heredity. 2. B) the elucidation of the double helix structure of DNA. 3. C) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek’s observation of internal cell structures. 4. D) the description of the enzymatic steps of glycolysis. 5. E) the formation of the chromosome theory of heredity. Answer: B Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 30) Jacques Monod and François Jacob deduced the mechanism responsible for the regulation of prokaryotic gene expression. They are, therefore, responsible for launching the era of 1. A) the scientific method. 2. B) molecular genetics. 3. C) biochemistry. 4. D) light microscopy. 5. E) radioisotopes. Answer: B Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 31) Which of the following biochemical techniques uses an electrical field to separate macromolecules based on their mobility through a semisolid gel? 1. A) light microscopy. 2. B) ultracentrifugation. 3. C) chromatography. 4. D) electrophoresis. 5. E) mass spectrometry. Answer: D Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G1 32) To which of the following do Mendel’s observations relate? 1. A) thermodynamics 2. B) gravity 3. C) ideal gas laws 4. D) heredity 5. E) diffusion Answer: D Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 33) The steps of the scientific method, in the correct order, are 1. A) design experiments, draw conclusions, collect data, interpret results, make observations, and test the hypothesis. 2. B) make observations, formulate the hypothesis, design experiments, collect data, interpret results, and draw conclusions. 3. C) collect data, interpret results, test the hypothesis, design experiments, make observations, and draw conclusions. 4. D) collect data, interpret results, test the hypothesis, make observations, and design experiments. 5. E) none of the above. Answer: B Chapter Section: 1.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.3 Global LO: G1 34) Scientists use various terms to describe conclusions reached through the scientific method. Which of the following terms conveys the least degree of certainty? 1. A) theory 2. B) hypothesis 3. C) law 4. D) both hypothesis and theory 5. E) both theory and law Answer: B Chapter Section: 1.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 1.3 Global LO: G1 35) Once a scientific theory becomes a law, it 1. A) cannot be changed. 2. B) cannot be challenged. 3. C) becomes static. 4. D) is subject to modification. 5. E) is irrefutable. Answer: D Chapter Section: 1.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 1.3 Global LO: G1 36) You are studying the response of macrophages infected with the intracellular bacterium Brucella, specifically by examining which gene products are being expressed. You would be studying the macrophage ________ to obtain this information. 1. A) proteome 2. B) genome 3. C) transciptome 4. D) amplicon 5. E) metabolome Answer: C Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G1 37) Which of the following is an important characteristic for a model organism? 1. A) marginally characterized 2. B) difficult to manipulate in the laboratory 3. C) prone to random changes that alter primary characteristics 4. D) widely studied 5. E) all of the above Answer: D Chapter Section: 1.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 1.3 Global LO: G1 38) All of the following are model organisms, except 1. A) Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2. B) Drosophila melanogaster. 3. C) Caenorhabditis elegans. 4. D) Arabidopsis thialana. 5. E) Homo sapiens. Answer: E Chapter Section: 1.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.3 Global LO: G1 39) In studying osteoporosis in humans, you wish to test a newly designed treatment for efficacy. Your best choice for a model organism would be 1. A) Escherichia coli. 2. B) Mus musculus. 3. C) Caenorhabditis elegans. 4. D) Arabidopsis thaliana. 5. E) Pisum sativum. Answer: B Chapter Section: 1.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Learning Outcome: 1.3 Global LO: G1 40) Which of the following is mismatched? 1. A) Escherichia coli – genetics 2. B) Drosophila melanogaster – embryogenesis 3. C) Mus musculus – immunology 4. D) Caenorhabditis elegans – photosynthesis 5. E) Arabidopsis thaliana – plant gene function Answer: D Chapter Section: 1.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis Learning Outcome: 1.3 Global LO: G1 1.2 Matching Questions Match each scientist or group of scientists on the left with the appropriate phrase to the right. 1. A) fruit fly 2. B) DNA double helix 3. C) cell theory 4. D) transfer RNA 5. E) Calvin cycle 6. F) “one gene—one enzyme” 7. G) transformation 8. H) translation 9. I) chromosome theory of heredity 10. J) embryonic bacteria 11. K) “ferments” of yeast 12. L) oral prokaryotes 13. M) urea 14. N) hereditary factors 15. O) pollen grain 16. P) dog saliva 17. Q) transcription 1) Gregor Mendel Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 2) Walter Sutton Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 3) Matthias Schleiden Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 4) Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 5) George Beadle and Edward Tatum Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 6) James Watson and Francis Crick Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 7) Thomas Hunt Morgan Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 8) Friedrich Wöhler Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 9) Louis Pasteur Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 Answers: 1) N 2) I 3) C 4) G 5) F 6) B 7) A 8) M 9) K Match the type of microscopy with the appropriate characteristic. 1. A) amplifies variations in density 2. B) light passes directly through specimen 3. C) detects electrons deflected from the surface of the specimen 4. D) shows specific molecules 5. E) uses a laser to view a single plane of a specimen 6. F) detects electrons passing through a specimen 10) brightfield Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 11) fluorescence Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 12) phase-contrast Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 13) confocal Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 14) transmission electron microscopy Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 15) scanning electron microscopy Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 Answers: 10) B 11) D 12) A 13) E 14) F 15) C 1.3 Short Answer Questions 1) To be useful to scientists, a hypothesis must be ________; in other words, the hypothesis must be able to be confirmed or discredited. Answer: testable Chapter Section: 1.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.3 Global LO: G1 2) A scientific ________ must be so thoroughly confirmed that virtually no doubt remains about its accuracy. Answer: law Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.3 Global LO: G1 3) Glycolysis is also called the ________ pathway after the scientists who did most of the work to define it. Answer: Embden-Meyerhof Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 4) ________ synthesized urea in the laboratory from inorganic starting materials. Much of what is now called ________ dates from this discovery. Answer: Friedrich Wöhler; biochemistry Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 5) Melvin Calvin used ________, a specific ________, to deduce the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. Answer: 14C; radioisotope Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 6) A(n) ________ is an instrument used to separate subcellular structures and macromolecules on the basis of size, shape, and density. ________ developed this instrument in Sweden during the period 1925–1930. Answer: ultracentrifuge; Theodor Svedberg Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G1 7) Around 1914, ________ determined that DNA was an important component in ________ by using a staining technique that is still in use today. Answer: Robert Feulgen; chromosomes Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 8) Because of the low penetration power of electrons, samples for transmission electron microscopy must be extremely thin. A(n) ________ is able to cut sections as thin as 20 nm. Answer: ultramicrotome Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 9) In 1880, Walther Flemming identified ________, threadlike bodies seen in dividing cells. Answer: chromosomes Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1 10) The ________ was developed in the late 1920s by Theodore Svedberg. He originally used it to determine the sedimentation rate of proteins. Answer: ultracentrifuge Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G1 11) ________ is a biochemical technique that allows one to separate biological molecules based on size, shape, and/or affinity for specific molecules or functional groups. Answer: Chromatography Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G1 12) The total protein content of the cell is called the ________. Answer: proteome Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G1 13) ________ is the ability to distinguish two objects that are close together as separate. In any microscope, this ability is determined by ________. Answer: Resolution; wavelength Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 1.4 Inquiry Scientific discoveries have had great impact in human history. The people who make these discoveries and the circumstances that surround these discoveries are very important to our understanding of science. Can you identify the individuals as they might have described themselves? 1. A) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2. B) Melvin Calvin 3. C) Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase 4. D) Theodor Svedberg 5. E) Friedrich Wöhler 6. F) Robert Hooke 7. G) James Watson and Francis Crick 1) I am a seventeenth-century shopkeeper from Holland. My hobby involves handpolishing glass to make lenses, some of which can magnify almost 300-fold. I was the first to observe living cells and am known as the “Father of Microbiology.” Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1, G7 2) I was the Curator of Instruments for the Royal Society of London in 1665. I developed a microscope that could magnify around 30-fold. I examined plant material and observed many small chambers that I called cells. Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1, G7 3) At the University of California, Berkeley, I worked with radioisotopes. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, I used 14C to identify the most common pathway for photosynthetic carbon metabolism. Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1, G7 4) We worked out the double helix model of DNA structure in 1953. We later received the Nobel Prize for this work. Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1, G7 5) I am a nineteenth-century German chemist. By synthesizing an organic molecule from inorganic components, I dispelled the idea that biological processes were exempt from the laws of chemistry. Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1, G7 6) My colleague and I worked with bacterial viruses. We were able to demonstrate that DNA–not protein–was the genetic material of the cell. Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1, G7 7) I am a Swedish scientist. I developed the ultracentrifuge to determine sedimentation rates of proteins. The ultracentrifuge was later used to isolate subcellular fractions. Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global LO: G1, G7 Answers: 1) A 2) F 3) B 4) G 5) E 6) C 7) D 8) The following paragraph describes the activities of hypothetical scientists. After reading this paragraph, list the steps of the scientific method, and list the activities that correspond to the steps of the scientific method. A rancher noticed that several grazing animals had become sick after grazing in a new area. The rancher asked a team of scientists to analyze this problem. They visited the area and found that the food available to the animals was similar to the food they had been eating. The water supply in the area was adequate but limited to a single spring. Some of the scientists felt that the water might be contaminated with a pathogen. Therefore, they collected water samples from the spring in the new area and compared them with water samples taken from previous grazing sites. The scientists noticed that water from the new area was cloudier than water obtained from other areas. Culturing this water revealed that a pathogenic strain of bacteria was present. This bacterial strain was found to be identical to a strain obtained from sick animals. This strain was not present in healthy animals. They concluded that a contaminated water supply in the new area was responsible for the problem and instructed the rancher to avoid the water supply. The disease was not found in the rancher’s livestock again. Answer: (Answers may vary.) Observation. The rancher and the scientists made initial observations regarding the food and water that the livestock consumed. Hypothesis. The water supply was contaminated with a pathogen. Experimentation. Water was collected, examined, and cultured. Collect data. The turbidity of the water was examined. The cultures were positive for a pathogenic strain of bacterium. Interpret results. The data was compared to other water samples. The cultures were compared to those obtained from livestock. Draw conclusion. The water was contaminated and responsible for the outbreak. Chapter Section: 1.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Evaluation Learning Outcome: 1.3 Global LO: G1 9) A number of different types of microscopy exist. Each type of microscopy has advantages and disadvantages. Can you identify the microscope that would be most advantageous for the situations below? 1. A cell biologist wishes to visualize the ribosomes of a cell. 2. A microbiologist wishes to examine the motility of a bacterium. 3. An immunologist wishes to determine if a lymphocyte possesses a certain surface protein. 4. A virologist is trying to determine the three-dimensional shape of a virus. 5. A pathologist is trying to examine the cytoplasm of a cell for changes that result from viral infection. Answer: (Answers may vary.) 1. Electron microscopy, preferably transmission electron microscopy, should be used. 2. Phase contrast or differential-interference-contrast would be most helpful. 3. Fluorescence microscopy is often used. 4. Scanning electron microscopy should be used. 5. Transmission electron microscopy will enable the pathologist to visualize the interior. Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Evaluation Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 10) You have identified a new molecule associated with the immune system that drastically reduces cell division by tumor cells in vivo. Develop a hypothesis and design an experiment to test your hypothesis using a model organism. Include an explanation as to why it is the best model for your experiment. Answer: Answers will vary; however, the hypothesis would indicate the utility of the cytokine for lymphoma treatment. The obvious model organism would be the mouse model. It shares a great many similarities to humans at the cellular, anatomical, and physiological levels. It is well characterized, and the genome has been sequenced. Further, there is a mouse model of lymphoma currently available. Mice are easy to care for and require a relatively small amount of space to maintain. Chapter Section: 1.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis Learning Outcome: 1.3 Global LO: G1 11) You have been given a sample of Mimivirus, which has the largest capsid diameter of all currently known viruses (600 nm) and has the form of a 20-sided polyhedron (an icosahedron). Based on your knowledge of microscopes, what would you be able to see/determine about mimiviral structure using each of the following microscopes? 1. simple compound (light) microscope 2. fluorescent microscope using fluorescently labeled antibodies to a novel capsid protein 3. scanning electron microscope Answer: 1. Light microscope: will be able to see basic viral shape, especially if particles are stained 2. Fluorescent microscope: should illuminate the outside of the viral particles 3. Scanning electron microscope: would allow imaging of the surface structure of the virus Chapter Section: 1.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global LO: G4 Becker’s The World of the Cell, 9e (Hardin/Bertoni/Kleinsmith) Chapter 3 The Macromolecules of the Cell 3.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) What are the three general types of amino acids? 1. A) α helices, β sheets, and looped segments 2. B) covalent, noncovalent, and van der Waals forces 3. C) positive, negative, and noncharged 4. D) hydrophobic, polar (noncharged), polar (charged) 5. E) acidic, basic, and neutral Answer: D Chapter Section: 3.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 2) You are researching a cytoplasmic protein associated with a nerve disorder. The native form of the enzyme appears to be globular protein; however, when a sample of the purified protein is treated with a chemical that reduces disulfide bonds, the enzymatic activity decreases dramatically and multiple globular proteins can be detected in the sample. What does this tell you about the protein? 1. A) The primary structure of the protein contains multiple cysteine residues that are hydrolyzed by the chemical reductant. 2. B) The protein is most likely composed of multiple polypeptide chains that are held together by disulfide bonds. 3. C) The protein is most likely composed of α helices that are held together by disulfide bonds. 4. D) The protein is most likely composed of β sheets that are held together by disulfide bonds. 5. E) The primary and secondary structure of the protein depends on disulfide bonds. Answer: B Chapter Section: 3.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Evaluation Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G2, G5, G7 3) A peptide bond 1. A) is a covalent bond between the carboxyl carbon of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of a second amino acid. 2. B) is a covalent bond between the functional R groups of adjacent amino acids. 3. C) is a covalent bond between the NH group of one polypeptide and the CO group of an adjacent polypeptide that holds together multimeric proteins. 4. D) is a noncovalent bond that dictates the tertiary structure of a protein. 5. E) is a covalent bond between adjacent glucose molecules in a peptide. Answer: A Chapter Section: 3.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 4) Disulfide bonds are often found to stabilize which of the following levels of protein structure? 1. A) primary 2. B) secondary 3. C) tertiary 4. D) primary, secondary, and tertiary 5. E) None of these structures involve disulfide bonds. Answer: C Chapter Section: 3.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 5) The primary structure of a protein 1. A) is important for determining the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein. 2. B) is simply the order of amino acids from one end of the protein to another. 3. C) is important both genetically and structurally. 4. D) is the linear sequence of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. 5. E) All of these statements are true. Answer: E Chapter Section: 3.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G2, G7 6) Proline is referred to as the “helix breaker” because 1. A) its only found in the L form, which is incompatible with helical protein structure. 2. B) it lacks the hydrogen atom needed for hydrogen bonding. 3. C) it lacks a charged functional groups for ionic bonding. 4. D) it is hydrophobic. 5. E) it has a polar functional group. Answer: B Chapter Section: 3.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G2, G7 7) Which of the following accurately describes the structure of fibrous proteins? 1. A) Fibrous proteins usually contain a number of different domains with different structural motifs. 2. B) Fibrous proteins are composed of an equal mixture of α helices and β sheets with interconnecting looped segments. 3. C) Fibrous proteins have an extensive tertiary and quaternary structure that affects the strength and elasticity of each fiber. 4. D) Fibrous proteins have a simple primary structure and very little secondary structure, resulting in long, thin fibers. 5. E) Fibrous proteins are usually composed of either α helices or β sheets throughout the molecule, giving them a highly ordered, repetitive structure. Answer: E Chapter Section: 3.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 8) Hydrogen bonding is most important in stabilizing the ________ structure of many proteins. 1. A) primary 2. B) secondary 3. C) tertiary 4. D) quaternary 5. E) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary Answer: B Chapter Section: 3.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 9) Which of the following statements is false? 1. A) There are more than 60 different kinds of amino acids present in cells. 2. B) The R group of amino acids differs from one amino acid to another. 3. C) Only around 20 amino acids are used in protein synthesis. 4. D) Equal amounts of D- and L-amino acids are found in cells. 5. E) An amino acid has an N-terminus, a C-terminus, and an R group. Answer: D Chapter Section: 3.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 10) Which of the following is not a major functional class of proteins? 1. A) hereditary proteins 2. B) enzymes 3. C) motility proteins 4. D) regulatory proteins 5. E) structural proteins Answer: A Chapter Section: 3.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 11) Two proteins associated with a rare neurodegenerative disorder have been sequenced. Protein A contains many polar amino acids with small regions containing nonpolar, hydrophobic amino acids. Protein B is rich in nonpolar, hydrophobic amino acids with only two small regions containing polar amino acids. What might this suggest about the two proteins? 1. A) The two proteins may have different secondary structures. 2. B) Protein A is fibrous and Protein B is globular. 3. C) Protein A may be a cytoplasmic protein and Protein B may be a membrane associate protein. 4. D) Protein A and Protein B are complementary parts of a supramolecular structure. 5. E) Protein A is most likely and enzyme and Protein B is most likely a storage protein. Answer: C Chapter Section: 3.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Evaluation Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G2, G5, G7 12) Which of the following is a possible function of a terpene? 1. A) cell surface receptor 2. B) vitamin 3. C) enzyme 4. D) motility 5. E) structure Answer: B Chapter Section: 3.4 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.2 Global LO: G7 13) Which of the following pairs correctly matches the monomer with its polymer? 1. A) peptides; proteins 2. B) amino acids; polysaccharides 3. C) glucose; proteins 4. D) terpenes; nucleic acids 5. E) nucleotides; nucleic acids Answer: E Chapter Section: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 14) Cellulose belongs to which of the following groups of macromolecules? 1. A) lipids 2. B) carbohydrates 3. C) proteins 4. D) nucleic acids 5. E) none of these Answer: B Chapter Section: 3.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 15) Which of the following has the greatest number of glycosidic bonds? 1. A) glucose 2. B) triacylglycerol 3. C) amylose 4. D) DNA 5. E) vitamin A Answer: C Chapter Section: 3.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 16) To which of the following classes of sugars does glucose belong? 1. A) pentose 2. B) hexose 3. C) tetrose 4. D) heptose 5. E) triose Answer: B Chapter Section: 3.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 17) You are investigating the structure of the seeds of a newly discovered tropical plant. There is storage material inside the seed. You treat the seed with peptidase (an enzyme that breaks peptide bonds), glycoside hydrolases (an enzyme that breaks β glycosidic bonds), and amylase (an enzyme that breaks α glycosidic bonds). Only the amylase appears to dissolve the storage material in the seed. What does this tell you about the identity of the storage material? 1. A) The seed contains fibrous proteins to store carbon and energy. 2. B) The seed contains lipids to store carbon and energy. 3. C) The seed contains starch to store carbon and energy. 4. D) The seed contains cellulose to store carbon and energy. 5. E) The seed contains globular proteins to store carbon and energy. Answer: C Chapter Section: 3.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G1, G2, G7 18) Fatty acids are ________; they function in the cell as ________. 1. A) short chains of double-bonded carbon molecules; storage lipids 2. B) short chains of double-bonded carbon molecules; vitamins and cofactors 3. C) four-ringed hydrocarbon molecules; key components of membranes 4. D) long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end; building blocks for other lipids 5. E) short chains of double-bonded carbon molecules; vitamins, cofactors, and storage lipids Answer: D Chapter Section: 3.4 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.2 Global LO: G7 19) The two strands of DNA are held together by ________; thus ________. 1. A) covalent bonds; double-stranded DNA is very stable at a range of temperatures 2. B) ionic bonds; double-stranded DNA separates into two separate strands in water 3. C) hydrogen bonds; double-stranded DNA separates into two separate strands at high temperatures 4. D) antiparallel bonds; double-stranded DNA is amphipathic 5. E) hydrophobic interactions; double-stranded DNA separates into two separate strands when dissolved in a hydrocarbon (hydrophobic) solvent Answer: C Chapter Section: 3.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 20) RNA and DNA differ 1. A) in that RNA contains ribose and DNA contains deoxyribose. 2. B) in that RNA contains nucleosides and DNA contains nucleotides. 3. C) in that RNA contains uracil and DNA contains thymine. 4. D) both A and C. 5. E) All of these are correct. Answer: D Chapter Section: 3.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 21) Complementary relationships between purines and pyrimidines 1. A) allow adenine to form two hydrogen bonds with thymine (or uracil) and guanine to form three hydrogen bonds with cytosine to form double-stranded nucleic acids. 2. B) allow the interaction of the oppositely charged amino acids to form the tertiary structure of proteins. 3. C) allow adjacent bases in a nucleotide chain to stack tightly, stabilizing the DNA double helix. 4. D) provide highly ordered, repetitive bonding to form α helices and β sheets within proteins. 5. E) Both A and C are correct. Answer: A Chapter Section: 3.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 22) The components of a nucleotide are 1. A) a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a variable R group. 2. B) a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing aromatic base. 3. C) a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each carbon and three fatty acids. 4. D) two six-carbon sugars attached with an α(1→4) glycosidic bond. 5. E) a six-carbon sugar, an ester linkage, and a four-ringed hydrocarbon. Answer: B Chapter Section: 3.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 23) The chemical nature of each amino acid is determined by which of the following groups? 1. A) amino 2. B) carboxyl 3. C) hydroxyl 4. D) R 5. E) hydrogen Answer: D Chapter Section: 3.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 24) The nucleoside triphosphate molecules in DNA are linked together in the 5’→3′ by a(n) ________ bridge. 1. A) phosphate 2. B) covalent 3. C) phosphodiester 4. D) peptide 5. E) phosphatidyl Answer: C Chapter Section: 3.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome: 3.1 Global LO: G7 25) The function of triglycerides is 1. A) to store energy. 2 [Show Less]