CHAPTER1: ANSWERS AND RATIONALES
1. Which change represents the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay healer?
1. Perception of health
... [Show More] promotion as an obligation 2. Development of a clinical nurse specialist position statement 3. Foundation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives 4. Emergence of a medical establishment
Page: 4 Feedback 1.
This is incorrect. Lay healers traditionally viewed their role as being a function of their community obligations; however, the emerging medical establishment viewed healing as a commodity. The emergence of a male medical establishment represents the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay healer.
2.
This is incorrect. The American Nurses Association (ANA) position statement on educational requirements for the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) was developed in 1965; the ANA’s position statement on the role of the CNS was issued in 1976. The emergence of a male medical establishment represents the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay healer.
3.
This is incorrect. The American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM) was founded in 1928. The emergence of a male medical establishment represents the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay healer.
4.
This is correct. The emergence of a male medical establishment represents the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay healer. Whereas lay healers viewed their role as being a function of their community obligations, the emerging medical establishment viewed healing as a commodity. The era of the female lay healer began and ended in the 19th century. The American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM) was founded in 1928. The American Nurses Association (ANA) position statement on educational requirements for the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) was developed in 1965; the ANA’s position statement on the role of the CNS was issued in 1976.
2. The beginning of modern nursing is traditionally considered to have begun with which event? 1. Establishment of the first school of nursing 2. Incorporation of midwifery by the lay healer 3. Establishment of the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)
1 | P a g e4. Creation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM)
Answer: 1
Pages: 4–5
Feedback
1.
This is correct. Traditionally, modern nursing is considered to have begun
in 1873, when the first three U.S. training schools for nurses opened. The
role of the lay healer as a midwife is documented to have occurred in the
19th century, before the establishment of schools of nursing. The Frontier
Nursing Service (FNS), which provided nurse-midwifery services, was
established in 1925. In 1928, the Kentucky State Association of Midwives,
which was an outgrowth of the FNS, became the American Association of
Nurse-Midwives
(AANM).
2.
This is incorrect. The role of the lay healer as a midwife is documented
to have occurred in the 19th century, before the establishment of
schools of nursing. Traditionally, modern nursing is considered to have
begun in 1873,
when the first three U.S. training schools for nurses opened.
3.
This is incorrect. The Frontier Nursing Service (FNS), which provided
nurse- midwifery services, was established in 1925. Traditionally, modern
nursing is considered to have begun in 1873, when the first three U.S.
training schools
for nurses opened.
4.
This is incorrect. In 1928, the Kentucky State Association of Midwives,
which was an outgrowth of the FNS, became the American Association of
Nurse- Midwives (AANM). Modern nursing is considered to have begun in
1873, at
which time the first three U.S. training schools for nurses opened.
3. In 1910, which factors most significantly influenced the midwifery profession?
Select all that apply.
1. Strict licensing requirements
2. Negative public perception
3. Dedicated funding for training
4. Poor maternal-child outcomes
5. Mandatory professional supervision
Answer: 2, 4
Pages: 6–7
Feedback
2 | P a g e1.
This is incorrect. In 1910, the midwifery profession was significantly
influenced by poor maternal-child outcomes and a public perception as
unprofessional. Though legislation ultimately was passed to tighten
requirements related to licensing and supervision of midwives, in the
early 20th century, midwives were largely unregulated and generally
perceived as
unprofessional.
3 | P a g e2.
This is correct. In 1910, the midwifery profession was significantly
influenced by poor maternal-child outcomes and a public perception as
unprofessional. At that time, approximately 50% of all U.S. births were
reportedly attended by midwives. However, especially with regard to
perinatal health indicators, the national population’s general health was
poor. Unfavorable outcomes among both mothers and infants were
attributed to midwives who, at that time, were largely unregulated and
generally perceived as unprofessional. Poor maternal-child outcomes,
negative perceptions of midwives, obstetricians’ targeted efforts to take
control of the birthing process, and a movement away from home births
prompted major changes. Legislation was passed to tighten
requirements related to licensing and supervision of midwives. One aim
of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act involved allotting
funds to
train public health nurses in midwifery; however, the bill lapsed in 1929.
3.
This is incorrect. Goals of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy
Act included allocating funds to train public health nurses in midwifery,
but the bill lapsed in 1929. In 1910, poor maternal-child outcomes and a
public perception as unprofessional significantly influenced the
midwifery
profession.
4.
This is correct. In 1910, the midwifery profession was significantly
influenced by poor maternal-child outcomes and a public perception as
unprofessional. At that time, approximately 50% of all U.S. births were
reportedly attended by midwives. However, especially with regard to
perinatal health indicators, the national population’s general health was
poor. Unfavorable outcomes among both mothers and infants were
attributed to midwives who, at that time, were largely unregulated and
generally perceived as unprofessional. Poor maternal-child outcomes,
negative perceptions of midwives, obstetricians’ targeted efforts to take
control of the birthing process, and a movement away from home births
prompted major changes. Legislation was passed to tighten
requirements related to licensing and supervision of midwives. One aim
of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act involved allotting
funds to
train public health nurses in midwifery; however, the bill lapsed in 1929.
5.
This is incorrect. In 1910, the midwifery profession was largely
unregulated. Factors that influenced the profession included poor
maternal-child outcomes
and a public perception as unprofessional.
4. Which advanced practice nursing role is unique in that the practitioners view
their role as comprising a combination of two distinct disciplines?
1. Nurse practitioner
2. Certified registered nurse anesthetist
4 | P a g e3. Clinical nurse specialist
4. Certified nurse-midwife
Answer: 4
Page: 9
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1.
This is incorrect. The role of the certified nurse-midwife (CNM) is unique
in that the CNM views the practice role as combining two disciplines:
nursing
and midwifery.
2.
This is incorrect. The role of the certified nurse-midwife (CNM) is unique
in that the CNM views the practice role as combining two disciplines:
nursing
and midwifery.
3.
This is incorrect. The role of the certified nurse-midwife (CNM) is unique
in that the CNM views the practice role as combining two disciplines:
nursing
and midwifery.
4.
This is correct. The role of the certified nurse-midwife (CNM) is unique in
that the CNM views the practice role as combining two disciplines: nursing
and
midwifery.
5. In the 19th century, which factors led to the administration of anesthesia by
nurses?
Select all that apply.
1. Surgeon entitlement to collecting anesthesia fees
2. Collaborative practice between physician-anesthetists and nurses
3. Lack of recognition of anesthesiology as a medical specialty
4. Opposition to anesthesia administration by physicians
5. Formation of a national organization by nurse anesthetists
Answer: 1, 3
Pages: 10–11
Feedback
5 | P a g e1.
This is correct. In the 19th century, anesthesia was in its early stages.
Because of a lack of recognition as a medical specialty and the surgeon’s
entitlement to collecting anesthesia fees, other physicians had little to
no interest in anesthesia administration. However, physicians were not
opposed to administering anesthesia; rather, anesthesia was viewed as a
means by which to transform surgery into a scientific modality for
treating health alterations. Collaboration between physicians and nurses
did not contribute to administration of anesthesia by nurses;
contentiousness is a hallmark of the relationship between nurse
anesthetists and anesthesiologists even in the present day. In the 19th
century, no national organization of nurse anesthetists yet existed. The
National Association of Nurse Anesthetists, which was renamed the
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA),
was founded in 1931.
2.
This is incorrect. With the introduction of anesthesia, collaboration
between
physicians and nurses did not contribute to administration of anesthesia
by
6 | P a g enurses. By contrast, contentiousness is a hallmark of the relationship
between nurse anesthetists and anesthesiologists even in the present day.
In the 19th century, anesthesia was in its early stages. Administration of
anesthesia by nurses occurred primarily because of anesthesiology’s lack
of recognition as a
medical specialty and the surgeon’s entitlement to collecting anesthesia
fees.
3.
This is correct. In the 19th century, anesthesia was in its early stages.
Because of a lack of recognition as a medical specialty and the surgeon’s
entitlement to collecting anesthesia fees, other physicians had little to
no interest in anesthesia administration. However, physicians were not
opposed to administering anesthesia; rather, anesthesia was viewed as a
means by which to transform surgery into a scientific approach to
treating with health alterations. Collaboration between physicians and
nurses did not contribute to administration of anesthesia by nurses;
contentiousness is a hallmark of the relationship between nurse
anesthetists and anesthesiologists even in the present day. In the 19th
century, no national organization of nurse anesthetists yet existed. The
National Association of Nurse Anesthetists, which was renamed the
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA),
was founded in 1931.
4.
This is incorrect. In the 19th century, anesthesia was in its early stages.
Physicians were in favor of the administration of anesthesia, viewing this
advancement as a means by which to transform surgery into a scientific
modality for treating health alterations. Because of a lack of recognition
as a medical specialty and the surgeon’s entitlement to collecting
anesthesia fees, other physicians had little to no interest in anesthesia
administration. As such,
the administration of anesthesia was assigned to nurses.
5.
This is incorrect. The National Association of Nurse Anesthetists, which
was renamed the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA),
was founded in 1931. In the 19th century, anesthesia was in its early
stages.
Because of a lack of recognition as a medical specialty and the surgeon’s
entitlement to collecting anesthesia fees, other physicians had little to no
interest in anesthesia administration. Thus, anesthesia administration was
performed by nurses.
6. Which factor contributed to expansion of the role of the clinical nurse specialist
(CNS) during the 1960s?
1. Increased numbers of practicing physicians
2. Tightening of female role definitions
3. Return of nurses from military conflict
4. Lack of medical specialization
7 | P a g eAnswer: 3
Page: 17
8 | P a g eFeedback
1.
This is incorrect. During the 1960s, a shortage of physicians occurred. The
role of the CNS was expanded in part because of the return of nurses from
the Vietnam War. Nurse veterans searched for opportunities to increase
their knowledge and skills, and practiced in advanced roles as well as
nontraditional specialties (such as anesthesia and trauma or anesthesia).
2.
This is incorrect. During the 1960s, role definitions for women became
less restrictive. The role of the CNS was expanded in part because of the
return of nurses from the Vietnam War. Nurse veterans searched for
opportunities to increase their knowledge and skills, and practiced in
advanced roles as well as
nontraditional specialties (such as anesthesia and trauma or anesthesia).
3.
This is correct. Expansion of the CNS role during the 1960s occurred in
part because of the return of nurse veterans from the Vietnam War who
sought to increase their knowledge and skills, and to work in advanced
roles and
nontraditional fields, such as anesthesia and trauma.
4.
This is incorrect. In the 1960s, medical specialization was prevalent, and
the need for competent nurses who were proficient at caring for patients
with complex health needs increased. Thus, the CNS role expanded. The
role of the CNS also expanded because of the return of nurses from the
Vietnam War.
Many of these nurse veterans searched for opportunities to increase their
knowledge and skills, and practiced in advanced roles as well as
nontraditional specialties (such as anesthesia and trauma or anesthesia).
7. Differentiation between the role of the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) and the
nurse practitioner (NP) is primarily based on which premise?
1. Designation as an advanced practice nurse
2. Diagnosis of patient health conditions
3. Nature of practice setting environments
4. Authority to prescribe medications
Answer: 3
Pages: 20–21
Feedback
1.
This is incorrect. Both the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) and the nurse
practitioner (NP) are designated as advanced practice nurses (APNs). A
primary differentiation between the roles of CNS and NP centers on the
nature of the practice setting. Although the CNS most often practices in
a secondary or tertiary care setting, the NP often practices in a primary
care
setting.
9 | P a g e2.
This is incorrect. Both the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) and the nurse
practitioner (NP) are prepared to diagnose patient health alterations. A
primary differentiation between the roles of CNS and NP centers on the
10 | P a g enature of the practice setting. Although the CNS most often practices in a
secondary or tertiary care setting, the NP often practices in a primary care
setting.
3.
This is correct. A primary differentiation between the roles of clinical
nurse specialist (CNS) and nurse practitioner (NP) centers on the nature
of the practice setting. Although the CNS most often practices in a
secondary or tertiary care setting, the NP often practices in a primary care
setting. Both the CNS and the NP are designated as advanced practice
nurses (APNs), educationally prepared to diagnose patient health
alterations, and eligible to
apply for prescriptive authority.
4.
This is incorrect. Both the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) and the nurse
practitioner (NP) are eligible to apply for authority to prescribe
medications. A primary differentiation between the roles of CNS and NP
centers on the nature of the practice setting. Although the CNS most
often practices in a secondary or tertiary care setting, the NP often
practices in a primary care
setting.
8. The National Council of State Boards of Nursing’s Consensus Model for Advanced
Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) Regulation prompted gains related to which
aspects of the role and function of the nurse practitioner (NP)? Select all that apply.
1. Legal authority
2. Reimbursement
3. Consumer recognition
4. Prescriptive privilege
5. Autonomy
Answer: 1, 2, 4
Page: 29
Feedback
1.
This is correct. The 2008 adoption of the Consensus Model for
Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) Regulation by the National
Council of State Boards of Nursing prompted gains related to several
aspects of the role and function of the nurse practitioner (NP), including
legal authority, reimbursement mechanisms in the United States, and
prescriptive privilege. At present, NPs still face challenges related to
autonomy, as well as consumer
recognition in health care.
2.
This is correct. The 2008 adoption of the Consensus Model for Advanced
Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) Regulation by the National Council of
State Boards of Nursing prompted gains related to several aspects of the
role and
11 | P a g efunction of the nurse practitioner (NP), including legal authority,
12 | P a g ereimbursement mechanisms in the United States, and prescriptive
privilege. At present, NPs still face challenges related to autonomy, as
well as consumer
recognition in health care.
3.
This is incorrect. At present, nurse practitioners (NPs) still face
challenges related to consumer recognition in health care. The 2008
adoption of the Consensus Model for Advanced Practice Registered
Nurse (APRN) Regulation by the National Council of State Boards of
Nursing prompted gains related to several aspects of the role and
function of the NP, including legal authority,
reimbursement mechanisms in the United States, and prescriptive
privilege.
4.
This is correct. Adoption of the Consensus Model for Advanced Practice
Registered Nurse (APRN) Regulation in 2008 by the National Council of
State Boards of Nursing prompted gains related to several aspects of the
role and function of the nurse practitioner (NP), including legal
authority, reimbursement mechanisms in the United States, and
prescriptive privilege. At present, NPs still face challenges related to
autonomy, as well as consumer
recognition in health care.
5.
This is incorrect. At present, nurse practitioners (NPs) still face
challenges related to autonomy. The 2008 adoption of the Consensus
Model for Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) Regulation by
the National Council of State Boards of Nursing prompted gains related
to several aspects of the role and function of the NP, including legal
authority, reimbursement mechanisms in the United States, and
prescriptive privilege. At present, NPs still face challenges related to
autonomy, as well as consumer recognition in
health care.
9. The doctor of nursing practice (DNP) degree was developed to support the
achievement of which goal related to advanced practice nursing education?
1. Eliminating master’s degree programs
2. Promoting excellence in clinical practice
3. Replacing doctor of philosophy programs
4. Emphasizing the generation of nursing research
Answer: 2
Pages: 31, 33
Feedback
1.
This is incorrect. Rather than seeking to eliminate master’s degree
programs designed to prepare advanced practice registered nurses
(APRNs), current legislation exists to preserve such programs. The doctor
of nursing practice (DNP) is focused on preparing the nurse clinician to
demonstrate excellence in
13 | P a g enursing practice.
2.
This is correct. The doctor of nursing practice (DNP) is not intended to
replace
the doctor of philosophy (PhD). Whereas the PhD emphasizes research,
the
14 | P a g eDNP is focused on preparing the nurse clinician to demonstrate
excellence in nursing practice. Current legislative efforts related to
nursing education do not include elimination of master’s degree
programs for advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs). Rather,
current legislation exists to preserve
existing master’s degree programs designed to prepare APRNs.
3.
This is incorrect. The doctor of nursing practice (DNP) is not intended to
replace the doctor of philosophy (PhD). The DNP is focused on preparing
the
nurse clinician to demonstrate excellence in nursing practice.
4.
This is incorrect. Unlike the doctor of philosophy (PhD), which
emphasizes research, the doctor of nursing practice (DNP) is focused on
preparing the
nurse clinician to demonstrate excellence in nursing practice.
10. Among national nursing leaders, which argument serves as a basis for
opposition to the requirement that advanced practice nurses (APNs) earn a doctor
of nursing practice (DNP) degree?
1. Greater professionalization is needed among advanced practice nurses.
2. The number of graduate nursing programs should be limited.
3. Advanced practice nursing certification should not require a doctoral degree.
4. The need for care providers should be prioritized.
Answer:
Answer:
4
Page: 33
Feedback
1.
This is incorrect. National nursing leaders have opposed a proposition
to require completion of a doctor of nursing practice (DNP) degree by
advanced practice nurses (APNs) who seek certification based on a
perception that the need for care providers should be prioritized above
professionalization of advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) by
way of completing a DNP
program.
2.
This is incorrect. National nursing leaders have not sought to limit
graduate nursing education programs for advanced practice registered
nurses (APRNs). The basis for opposition among national nursing leaders
related to requiring advanced practice nurses (APNs) to complete a
doctor of nursing practice (DNP) degree centers on the perception that
the need for care providers takes precedence over professionalization of
APRNs by way of completing a DNP
program.
15 | P a g e3.
This is incorrect. National nursing leaders have not sought to require
advanced practice nurses (APNs) to complete a doctor of philosophy
(PhD) degree. Rather, national nursing leaders have opposed a mandate
that would
require completion of a doctor of nursing practice (DNP) degree before
16 | P a g eseeking certification as an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN)
based on a perception that the need for care providers should be
prioritized over
professionalization of APRNs.
4.
This is correct. National nursing leaders have opposed a mandate that
would require completion of a doctor of nursing practice (DNP) degree
before seeking certification as an advanced practice registered nurse
(APRN) based on a perception that the need for care providers should
be prioritized over professionalization of APRNs. National nursing
leaders have neither sought to limit graduate nursing education programs
for APRNs nor recommended that advanced practice nurses (APNs) be
required to complete a doctor of
philosophy (PhD) degree.
Chapter 2: Emerging Roles of the Advanced Practice Nurse
ANSWERS AND RATIONALES
1. Entry into which advanced practice nursing specialty will require a doctoral
degree by 2022?
1. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS)
2. Certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA)
3. Nurse practitioner (NP)
4. Certified nurse-midwife (CNM)
Answer: 2
Page: 5
Feedback
1.
This is incorrect. Clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) are not required to
complete a doctoral degree. However, the American Association of Nurse
Anesthetists (AANA) has set forth a mandate requiring all graduates to
complete a doctoral degree. Beginning in 2022, a doctorate will be the
minimum requirement to enter practice as a certified
registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) (AANA, 2016).
2.
This is correct. Beginning in 2022, the American Association of Nurse
Anesthetists (AANA) will require a doctoral degree as a minimum
requirement to enter practice as a certified registered nurse
anesthetist (CRNA) (AANA, 2016).
3.
This is incorrect. Nurse practitioners (NPs) are not currently required to
complete a doctoral degree. Presently, only the American Association of
Nurse Anesthetists (AANA) has set forth a mandate requiring all
graduates to complete a doctoral degree. Beginning in 2022, a doctorate
will be the minimum requirement to enter practice as a certified
registered nurse
anesthetist (CRNA) (AANA, 2016).
17 | P a g e4.
This is incorrect. At present, certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) are not
required to obtain a doctoral degree. Only the American Association of
Nurse Anesthetists (AANA) has set forth a mandate requiring all
graduates to complete a doctoral degree. Beginning in 2022, a doctorate
will be the
minimum requirement to enter practice as a certified
registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) (AANA, 2016).
2. According to the Consensus Model for APRN Regulation, advanced practice
nursing should abide by which recommendation?
1. Emphasizing state-based regulation of advanced practice nursing standards
2. Ensuring regulation of advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) as a
unified, collective group
3. Preparing clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) to function primarily in acute care
4. Changing the population focus of adult nurse practitioners to adult
gerontology
Answer: 4
Pages: 6, 20
Feedback
1.
This is incorrect. The Consensus Model for APRN Regulation: Licensure,
Accreditation, Certification and Education was developed by the APRN
Consensus Work Group and the National Council of State Boards of
Nursing (Consensus Model, 2008). Rather than emphasizing state-based
regulation of advanced practice nursing, general goals of the Consensus
Model include promoting consistency of advanced practice nursing
standards to increase the potential for interstate licensure reciprocity.
The Consensus Model recommends shifting the population focus of adult
nurse practitioners (NPs) to
adult gerontology.
2.
This is incorrect. The Consensus Model for APRN Regulation: Licensure,
Accreditation, Certification and Education was developed by the APRN
Consensus Work Group and the National Council of State Boards of
Nursing (Consensus Model, 2008). Instead of ensuring regulation of
advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) as a collective group, the
Consensus Model recommends regulation of APRNs in one of four
accepted roles.
Recommendations also include shifting the population focus of adult
nurse practitioners (NPs) to adult gerontology.
3.
This is incorrect. The Consensus Model for APRN Regulation: Licensure,
Accreditation, Certification and Education was developed by the APRN
Consensus Work Group and the National Council of State Boards of
Nursing (Consensus Model, 2008). Based on the Consensus Model, the
practice of clinical nurse specialist (CNS) practices occurs across both
acute and primary care settings. The Consensus Model also recommends
18 | P a g eshifting the population
focus of adult nurse practitioners (NPs) to adult gerontology.
4.
This is correct. The Consensus Model for APRN Regulation: Licensure,
Accreditation, Certification and Education was developed by the APRN
Consensus Work Group and the National Council of State Boards of
Nursing (Consensus Model, 2008). Per the Consensus Model, the
population focus of adult nurse practitioners (NPs) has shifted to adult
gerontology. As opposed to emphasizing state-based regulation of
advanced practice nursing, broad goals of the Consensus Model include
developing more consistent standards for advanced practice nurses
(APNs) that promote eligibility for interstate licensure reciprocity.
Instead of ensuring regulation of advanced practice registered nurses
(APRNs) as a collective group, the Consensus Model recommends
regulation of APRNs in one of four accepted roles. The Consensus Model
describes the practice of clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) as
including both acute and primary care settings.
3. The relationship to which aspect of the function of the clinical nurse specialist
(CNS) shows the greatest need for research?
1. Patient satisfaction
2. Care outcomes
3. Income generation
4. Role adaptability
Answer: 3
Pages: 8, 10
Feedback
1.
This is incorrect. Research has identified a correlation between clinical
nurse specialist (CNS)-patient interaction and patient satisfaction. Further
research is needed to examine the relationship between utilization of the
CNS and income
generation.
2.
This is incorrect. Existing research studies have identified a correlation
between clinical nurse specialist (CNS)-patient interaction and favorable
patient care outcomes. Additional research is needed to examine the
relationship between utilization of the CNS and income generation.
19 | P a g e3.
This is correct. Additional research is needed to examine the
relationship between utilization of the clinical nurse specialist (CNS)
and income generation. Role adaptability is a central feature of the CNS.
Research has identified a correlation between CNS-patient interaction
and favorable patient
care outcomes, as well as patient satisfaction.
4.
This is incorrect. Role adaptability, which is a primary characteristic of
the clinical nurse specialist (CNS), is regarded as contributing to role
ambiguity
for this advanced practice role. Available research is limited related to the
economic impact of the CNS, including income generation.
4. For nurse practitioners (NPs), which issue represents a current barrier to
autonomy?
1. Restrictions on reimbursement for services
2. Absence of state-based prescriptive authority
3. Limited ability to serve in acute care settings
4. Lack of authority to manage medical problems
Answer: 1
Pages: 12, 15
Feedback
1.
This is correct. One barrier to autonomy for nurse practitioners (NPs)
stems from restrictions on reimbursement for services. Among advanced
practice nurses (APRNs), NPs comprise the largest group. All 50 states, as
well as the District of Columbia, grant prescriptive privileges to qualified
NPs (Phillips, 2016). NPs serve in primary and acute care settings.
Assessment and management of patients related to medical and nursing
problems is within the
NP’s scope of practice.
2.
3.
This is incorrect. All 50 states, as well as the District of Columbia, grant
prescriptive privileges to qualified NPs (Phillips, 2016). For NPs, barriers
to
autonomy include restrictions on reimbursement for services.
This is incorrect. Nurse practitioners (NPs) serve in both primary and
acute
20 | P a g ecare settings. Barriers to autonomy for NPs include restrictions on reimbursement for services.
4.
This is incorrect. Nurse practitioners (NPs) are qualified to assess and manage a wide range of patient problems, including both medical and nursing issues. Barriers to the NP’s autonomy include restrictions on reimbursement for services.
5. Which changes have contributed to the evolution of the present-day nurse practitioner [Show Less]