TEST BANK - APPLIED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY A
CONCEPTUAL APPROACH ALL CHAPTERS
GUARANTEED
What is the difference between acute and chronic? -
... [Show More] acute: begin abruptly and last a few days to few months
chronic: gradual (insidious) onset and lasting longer than 6 months
what is the difference between diagnosis and prognosis? - diagnosis is a label (colon cancer) while prognosis is a prediction of how the individual will proceed through the disease (predicting patient will live 15 more years)
What is the difference between morbidity and mortality? - morbidity: negative outcome with disease complications that impact the quality of life
mortality: death
What are the advantages of studying epidemiology? - where, who, why, how
1. recognizing where disease is most widespread
2. recognizing who's most affected by the disease
3. discovering why disease is presenting in a certain population
4. discovering how to reduce spread or eradicate disease
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - Incidence: the rate of occurrence of a disease at any given time (what is the probability of someone
DEVELOPING a disease?)
Prevalence: the number of people that is affected by a disease at a specific time (what are the current DEMOGRAPHICS of a disease?)
think: INcidence = 1 IN 1000
What is the difference between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic? - endemic: the incidence and prevalence of a disease are predictable and stable
epidemic: a dramatic increase in disease incidence
pandemic: when an epidemic spreads across continents
What are potential causes of atrophy? Hypertrophy? Hyperplasia? - Atrophy: decrease in functional demand of a cell, lack of muscle movement, ischemia (decreased oxygen supply to cell), removal of hormonal or neural signals contributing to cell growth or muscle use
hypertrophy and hyperplasia: increase in growth/trophic signals, increased
demand/exercise, increase in demand of lymph tissue filtering (adenoid hypertrophy)
what is atrophy? hypertrophy? hyperplasia? - atrophy: decrease in cell size hypertrophy: increase in cell size
hyperplasia: increase in cell number
What is the difference between metaplasia and dysplasia? - metaplasia: is the changing of one cell type to another cell type
dysplasia: the actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, structure, arrangement
Think: metaplasia is the change to different cell types, dysplasia refers to general change of a single cell
What is apoptosis and how is it regulated? - apoptosis: REGULATED cell death; regulated by enzymatic reactions in the cell
What is necrosis and what happens to cellular structures? - necrosis: cell death related to cell injury (associated with inflammation); the structures swell and rupture of cell membrane
What are causes of cell injury and death? - TIPS
Toxins (chemical)
Infections
Physical injury (mechanical, chemical, thermal)
Serum deficit injury (nutrition, hydration, oxygenation)
What is cerebral atrophy and what are its etiologies? - reduction in cerebrum size; caused by decreased physical and intellectual activities, deficit injury, mechanical injury
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cerebral atrophy? - lack of brain perfusion increases risk for deficit injuries --> neurotoxic injury --> destruction of neurons --> loss of NT production --> atrophy in neurons because lack of stimulation
essentially, your brain isn't being stimulated to grow
What are the clinical manifestations of cerebral atrophy? - focal (localized to particular region) or global (entire brain); characterized by cognitive impairment (damage to temporal and frontal lobes), movement disorders (basal ganglia damage), etc.
How do you diagnose cerebral atrophy? - identifying signs and symptoms, often from other observers first; PET, SPECT, CT, MRI scans
What is cardiac hypertrophy and what are its etiologies? - cardiac muscle disease resulting from excessive workload and functional demand; no specifically known cause besides a genetic trait
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cardiac hypertrophy? - increased pressure in pulmonary or systemic circulation --> hypertrophy of ventricles --> lower contraction efficiency and smaller chamber --> lower cardiac output
What are the clinical manifestations of cardiac hypertrophy? - shortness of breath, syncope (fainting), angina
How do you diagnose cardiac hypertrophy? - genetic testing, EKG, echocardiogram, stress test
What is the difference between pathophysiology and pathology? - Pathophysiology: the study of the functional bodily changes that occur as a result of an injury, disorder, or disease (the mechanisms of disease)
Pathology: the study of changes in cells and tissues as a result of injury or disease (studying a disease)
What is a syndrome? - a specific condition with a recognizabl [Show Less]