Macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes
Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into
... [Show More] glucose
*Structural function: cellulose and chitin
*Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
*Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids
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Lipids
Fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water
* H and C and main components
* Fats
* Hydrophobic, nonpolar
* Store energy ( fats, oils, adipose )
Proteins
molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
* Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types)
* Keratin and collagen (hydrophobic) not soluble in water, found in structural protein
* Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes
*Function as transport carries or signal transfer
Nucleic acids
Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA
* DNA stores genetic material
* Chromosomes
* RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA
Enzymes
a class of proteins that catalyses chemical reactions.
* Not consumed in reaction
* Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy
* Exergonic: release energy
* Endergonic: require energy
* Energy is supplied and releases as ATP
* Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzyme active site)
purines and pyrimidines
Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine
DNA and RNA
Macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to produce proteins
* Nucleotide: the building block of DNA and RNA
* Nitrogenous base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
* Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine
* Codon: a group of three nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino acids (synthesized from RNA during Translation
* Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine ( A-T ) and ( C-G ). Non-Covalent, weak. - RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine
*Double Helix structure
* Coded or read 5' -> 3'
* Sugar(Pentose)- Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group bound to 4 oxygen atoms)
DNA helicase
unzips and unwinds DNA
DNA primase
Generates RNA primer. Act as a template for starting point of DNA replication
DNA polymerase
Synthesize new DNA molecules by assign nucleosides to leading and lagging DNA strands in a 5'—> 3' direction
Topoisomerase
A protein that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork. ( prevents super-coiling)
DNA ligase
A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain. ( joins DNA fragments together and forms bonds between nucleotides )
Okazaki fragments
short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication
single strand binding proteins
bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA during replication
leading strand
The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.
lagging strand
replicated discontinuously in short sections
Nucleus
Houses DNA, 'brain' of the cell
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that sorts, packages and transports proteins for export by the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesize and processing of proteins, lipid expression
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
Flagellum
A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move. (Locomotion and sensory functions)
Vacuole
A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area and maintaining homeostasis
Lysosome
A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.
Peroxisomes
Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
Ribosome
site of protein synthesis
Proteasomes
breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
Meiosis
(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
Meiosis II
Sister chromatids separate,
Results in 4 haploid daughter cells with unreplicated chromosomes
Mitosis: Interphase
(First Phase) 90% of cell life spent in interphase; during this time each chromosome is replicated, after replication, chromosomes consist of 2 identical sister chromatins (held together at center by centromere)
Mitosis: Prophase
(Second) Chromatin in the nucleus condenses to form chromosomes. The pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. Spindle fibers form a bridge between the ends of the cell. The nuclear envelope breaks down.
Mitosis: Metaphase
(Third) The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome attaches to a spindle fiber at its centromere.
Mitosis: Anaphase
(Fourth) The centromeres split. The two chromatids separate, and each chromatid becomes a new chromosome. The new chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell. The cell stretches out as the opposite ends are pushed apart.
Mitosis: Telophase
(Fifth) The chromosomes begin to stretch out and lose their rodlike appearance. A new nuclear envelope forms around each region of chromosomes.
Mitosis: Cytokinesis
(Final) Division into two daughter cells is completed
Meiosis I
Interphase
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I and Cytokinesis
Synapsis and crossing over occur, tetrads line up on the metaphase plate, homologous pairs separate, on to Prophase II Meiosis
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II and Cytokinesis
Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, sister chromatids separate, 4 haploid daughter cells are formed having only one chromosome of each homologous pair.
States of Matter
solid, liquid, gas
Solid
Rock, wood, paper
Molecules are packed together tight, orderly pattern. Vibrational motion, not translational motion. A form of matter that has a definite shape and volume/density
Liquid
Water, juice, soda [Show Less]