Hierarchy of Structures -Answer--Lowest Hierarchy level is at *Organelles within a cell*. They obtain energy from food and reproduction.
-Cells with the
... [Show More] same function are collected into larger groups called *Tissues*.
-Tissues are collected into *Organs*, carry out single task, like oxygenated blood (lungs), or filter out waste (kidneys).
-Organs work together in systems that perform coordinated large-scale functions, like *nourishing the body* (digestive) or *protecting the body from attacks* (immune).
Cell Parts -Answer--*-Organelles:* Cell parts that function within a cell. They coordinate with other organelles to performs a cell's basic function, like energy processing and waste excretion.
~Examples: *Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, The Nucleus.*
The Nucleus -Answer--*-Nucleus:* Small structure that contains *Chromosomes* and *Regulates the DNA of a cell*. Defining structure of eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for *the passing on of genetic traits between generations.*
-Contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and ribosomes.
Chromosomes -Answer--Highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA. *DNA* is genetic material that stores information about the plant or animal.
Chromatin -Answer--Consists of the *DNA* and *Proteins* that make up chromosomes.
Nucleolus -Answer--Structure contained *within* the nucleus, consists of *proteins.* Small, Round, and does *not* have a membrane. Involved in *protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA.*
Nuclear Envelope -Answer--*Encloses* the nucleus. Consists of *inner and outer membranes made of lipids.*
Nuclear Pores -Answer--Involved in *exchange of material between nucleus and the cytoplasm.*
Nucleoplasm -Answer--Liquid *within* the membrane and is *similar* to cytoplasm.
Cell Membrane -Answer--*"Plasma Membrane"*
-Made of *Lipids and Proteins*
-*Isolates* the cell from its external environment while still enabling the cellar to communicate with the outside environment.
-Consists: *Phospholipid bilayer* with the hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing external environment.
*~Cholesterol*: Adds stiffness and flexibility
*~Glycolipids*: Help cell to recognize other cells of the organisms.
*~Proteins*: Help give cells shape
*~Special Proteins:* Helps cell communicate with external environment.
*~Other Proteins:* Transport molecules across membrane
Selective Permeability -Answer--With regard to size, charge, and solubility.
*-Size:* Membrane allows small molecules to diffuse through it. Oxygen and Water molecules are small and can pass through the cells membrane.
*-Charge:* Ions on a cells surface either *attracts or repels* ions. Ions with *like* charges are *repelled*, and ions with *opposite* charges are *attracted* to the surface.
*-Solubility:* Molecules that are soluble in phospholipids can usually pass through the membrane. Many are *not* able to diffuse the membrane, and if anything they'll have to be moved through by *active transport and vesicles.*
Cell Structures -Answer--Inside the cell. Contain: Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Vacuoles, Vesicles, Cytoskeleton, Microtubules, Cytosol, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria
Ribosomes -Answer--Involved in *synthesizing proteins from amino acids.*
-Make up about a quarter of a cell.
-Some are embedded in the *Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)*
Golgi Apparatus -Answer--Involved in *synthesizing materials* like *proteins* that are transported *out* of the cell.
~*Modifies and Packages proteins* secreted from the cell.
-Located near the nucleus and has layers of membranes.
Vacuoles -Answer--Sacs used for *storage, digestion, and waste removal*.
-Plant: Has *one large* vacuole
-Animal: Has *small, sometimes numerous* vacuoles. [Show Less]