Define Dyspnea. CORRECT ANSWERS: Breathlessness
Define Cyanosis. CORRECT ANSWERS: Increase of reduced hemoglobin above 5gm/dl.
Usually
... [Show More] 14gm/dl.
Define Central Cyanosis. CORRECT ANSWERS: • Mucous membranes blue as well as periphery.
• Decreased oxygenation.
Purple tongue problem is in the lung or heart.
Define Peripheral Cyanosis. CORRECT ANSWERS: Extremities only blue and cold but mucous membranes are warm and pink. Sputum
The problem is the maybe a venous problem in the extremity.
Define Hypoxemia. CORRECT ANSWERS: Decreased oxygen in blood stream.
Define Hypercapnia. CORRECT ANSWERS: Increased carbon dioxide.
Normal is 40mm of Hemoglobin
Define Hemoptysis. CORRECT ANSWERS: Coughing up of blood.
Define Empyema. CORRECT ANSWERS: Pus in pleural cavity.
Define Atelectasis. CORRECT ANSWERS: • Collapse of lung.
• Was previously inflated.
Define Ventilation. CORRECT ANSWERS: Bringing of air from outside to alveoli. Volume of gas entering alveoli / minute.
What is Obstructive disease? CORRECT ANSWERS: Can't get down air passages. Decrease alveolar ventilation. Decreased PO2 hypoxemia. Increased PCO2 hypercapnia.
• VC is normal and may increase sometimes.
• The FEV₁/FVC ratio = Low (75> to be normal)
What is Restrictive disease? CORRECT ANSWERS: Chest and lungs cannot expand. Failure of chest wall or pulmonary fibrosis.
• The FEV₁/FVC ratio = Normal
Define Perfusion. CORRECT ANSWERS: Flow of blood to alveolar capillaries for gas exchange. Basal regions get more blood. Decreased perfusion increases ventilation so no hypercapnia although there is hypoxemia.
• Perfusion without ventilation (obstruction of airway) produces cyanosis
• Ventilation without perfusion (pulmonary embolus blocking blood vessel) does not produce cyanosis.
Define Diffusion. CORRECT ANSWERS: Causes hypoxemia only. Stimulates respiratory center so causes hyperventilation and hypocapnia.
Problem with the membrane and the diffusion is affected causes hypoxemia.
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How is Respiratory failure determined? CORRECT ANSWERS: Pulmonary function test.
• Arterial PO₂ is decreased or arterial PCO₂ is increased above normal.
• Normal PCO₂ is 40+ 5mmHg does not vary with age. PO₂ varies with age.
What are the two types of Bronchopulmonary Sequestration? CORRECT ANSWERS: • Extra-lobar sequestration
• Intra-lobar sequestration
What is Extra-lobar sequestration? CORRECT ANSWERS: • The lung tissue is not connected to the bronchial tree and is outside of the visceral pleura.
• It is usually supplied by an aberrant artery from the aorta.
• Patients usually present with a mass in the lungs , with dyspnea and cyanosis or with recurrent infections.
• The majority of patients are diagnosed by the age of 2 and are often diagnosed in the first month of life.
What is Intra-lobar sequestration? CORRECT ANSWERS: • The lung tissue is within the visceral pleura but is separate from the bronchial tree.
• The majority of cases follow repeated bouts of pneumonia and may be an acquired rather than congenital lesion.
• The affected area contains many cysts and is [Show Less]