STUDY QUESTIONS for Lectures #4-6:
BIOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS in
USING BIOMATERIALS- INJURY & INFLAMMATION
Following the lectures the student should be
... [Show More] able to answer the following statements
and/or questions:
These questions should cover the lecture and reading content.
4. Define atrophy, hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Give a specific example of where these
could be found.
5. What is necrosis? How does it compare to apoptosis?
6. Define inflammation: What are its main themes?
7. Describe the generation of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets from precursor cells.
8. Name the inflammatory cells found in acute inflammation, and their important granule
products. Approximately, what percentage of (each) the total leukocytes are they?
9. How are multinucleated giant cells formed?
10. What are the types of lymphocytes? What is a plasma cell?
11. What are cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
12. Name and describe major features of the acute inflammatory response to biomaterials.
13. Describe the changes associated with hemodynamic aspects of inflammation.
14. What is an exudate? a transudate? edema? Why are these important? Give examples
15. Describe the arachidonic acid pathway, the enzymes involved and the products
generated.
What are the functions of these generated chemical mediators? What drugs inhibit
their
action?
16. How does chronic differ from acute inflammation (cells, vascular responses, time,
others)?
17. Describe the histological features of chronic inflammation. What cells are important?
Macrophages, lymphocytes(T and B cells), plasma cells
Main themes: Destruction and repair (fibrosis)
18. What is the foreign body giant cell response to biomaterials? Why is this response
important?
FBGC are multinucleated giant cells→ a ton of macrophages in one.
They degrade the biomaterial by releasing free radical: +H,-OH,H2O2, -O2, enzymes
19. What is a multinucleated giant cell? Where does they originate from and how are they
formed?
20. What are free radicals? What are some scavengers or antioxidants (enzymatic vs.
non-enzymatic) of oxygen-derived free radicals? What is their mechanism of action on
cells? How are cells damaged?
21. Describe granulation tissue? What is a GAG? What is angiogenesis?
GAG is part of the granulation tissue, which is highly sulfated. Angiogenesis is the
formation of blood vessels
22. What are fibroblasts? Why are they important in healing responses?
23. What is meant by “fibrous encapsulation around an implant”?
24. Why are growth factors/inhibitors important in wound healing? Where do they act on
cells? Where do they come from? Give an example of each.
25. What is a scar? What is the composition of a scar? What is collagen? What collagans
are important in wound healing?
26. What are lymphokines and cytokines? Name some important ones.
27. A material called Material X (a derivative of polygalactic acid/polylactic acid or
PGA/PLA) was subcutaneous implanted into the back of a rat, and subsequent retrieval of
the explant occurred.
1) describe the sequence of events, as related to inflammation which may have occurred at
3, 7, 14 and 28 days at the implant surface. 2) Describe what cells and fluids are involved
at each time point and 3) the types of tissue reactions next to the implant. Also describe
what tissue stain or stains you could use to determine 1-3 and whether other techniques
would be helpful. [Show Less]