Study Guide Exam 1- Advanced Human
Anatomy and Physiology I
Study Guide Exam With Answers 2023-2024 A+
Study Guide Exam 1: Advanced Human Anatomy and
... [Show More] Physiology I
1) Understand the concept of osmotic pressure and how to calculate the osmolarity of a solution
2) Understand the concept of electrical gradient, chemical gradients, and equilibrium
potential and be able toapply the concepts
3) What factors affect the rate of diffusion?
4) Understand the difference between isotonic and iso-osmotic and why they may not be the same
I. Isotonic refers to a solution having the same solute concentration as in a cell or a
body fluid. Isosmoticrefers to the situation of two solutions having the same osmotic
pressure. Isosmotic solutions cause cells to absorb water from the surroundings or to
lose water from cells.
5) Understand simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, primary and secondary active,
transport, and whatdetermines the rate of diffusion of each
6) Know how to calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution given the
concentration of each of theosmotically active particles
7) Understand the process of endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis
I. Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell
by engulfing itwith the cell membrane.
➢ Pinocytosis, or cellular drinking, occurs when the plasma membrane folds
inward to form achannel allowing dissolved substances to enter the cell.
➢ Phagocytosis, or cellular eating, occurs when the dissolved materials
enter the cell. Theplasma membrane engulfs the solid material, forming
a phagocytic vesicle.
➢ Receptor-mediated transport: a specific receptor on the cell surface binds
tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes;
the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then
undergoes endocytosis, becoming a transportvesicle.
II. Exocytosis is the process by which materials packaged in vesicles are secreted from
a cell when thevesicle membrane fuses with the plasma membrane.
III. Transcytosis is the movement of receptor-bound macromolecules through the cell,
employing bothendocytosis and exocytosis.
8) Name the epithelial membrane that covers internal organs and lines the thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities.What type of epithelial cells make up this membrane?
I. Serous Membrane: an epithelial membrane composed of mesodermally derived
epithelium called the mesothelium that is supported by connective tissue. These
membranes line cavities that do not open tothe outside, and they cover the organs
located within those cavities. Serous membranes have two layers: an outer layer that
lines the body cavity called the parietal and an inner layer that covers internal organs
called the visceral.
9) Name the components of the dorsal and ventral cavities and organs in each.
a. The dorsal cavity can be divided into the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.
b. The ventral cavity is made up of a thoracic cavity and an abdominopelvic cavity,
separated by thediaphragm.
i. The mediastinum divides the thorax into the right and left halves.
ii. The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic
cavity.
10) Understand the sagittal section, coronal section, and frontal section of the body and
what it divides the body into:
I. A sagittal section divides the body into right and left portions.
II. A transverse section divides the body into superior and inferior portions. It is
often called a ―cross-section‖.
III. A coronal/frontal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
11) Be able to apply the terms medial, lateral, superior, inferior, proximal, distal, etc
12) Know body positions: anatomical position, supine, prone, left and right lateral recumbent
I. Supine: lying face upward.
II. Prone: lying flat on your stomach.
III. Left Lateral Recumbent: the patient is lying on their left side.
IV. Right Lateral Recumbent: Lying on your right side.
V. Anatomical Position: the positioning of the body when it is standing upright and
facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms
facing forward. The legs are parallel, withfeet flat on the floor and facing forward...
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