SPCE 316 Quizzes - Questions and Answers A study was undertaken to determine the effects of amount of study time on test performance. In this case, what
... [Show More] type of variable is the amount of study time? Independent Follow-up phases should be given a letter notation. False In single-subject research, letter notations stand for: study phases How is the independent variable represented on an x-y graph? labels on phases What did J. B. Watson urge psychologists to focus their study on? observable behavior Baer emphasized that procedures in a study should be described in a way that: experimental methods can be clearly compared. Good technical descriptions of study procedures are necessary to ensure that research can be replicated. True Which of the following is a type of variable? Independent The purpose of the follow-up phase in an investigation is to: determine whether the effects of the independent variable will continue Which of the following elements may NOT be found on an x-y graph? description of independent variables The x-axis on a graph usually represents: Time Which of the following are reasons that baseline data are gathered before implementing the independent variable? Important aspects of the dependent variable and its environment may be revealed The term subjects is preferred over the term participants by many current researchers. False A notation indicating a combination of letters can take which of the following forms? a combination intervention What are the three areas that Baer noted that research on socially significant behavior would be? (select all that apply) applied, behavioral, analytical Brain development is simultaneous with cultural development. True Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A child does not have to do chores for a week because she improved her grades this term. Which of the following is NOT among the basic principles of operant conditioning when reinforcement is used? The researcher decides which consequences will be reinforcing Punishment should usually be used to decrease behavior. False What does a reinforcer menu consist of? stimuli that are reinforcing for a certain individual At what point does a stimulus that has been reinforcing no longer work as a reinforcer? satiation Which of the following is NOT a level of culture identified by Hammond? ethnic On what assumption does extinction rely? A behavior will decrease when it is not rewarded The Premack Principle may not work if: the individual can do the preferred activity anyway. Which of the following is NOT a form of differential reinforcement? differential reinforcement of discriminative behavior Which of the following is NOT a type of reinforcement schedules? Generalized Positive reinforcement means something that something good will occur. False Simple restitution means: behavior that restores the environment. Shaping behavior may be necessary when: the target behavior cannot be reached in one step. Which of the following are among the steps recommended by Hall and Hall to select reinforcers? identify reinforcing activities based on the Premack Principle Event-based interobserver agreement is determined on the basis of whether a behavior occurs or not. True What do operational definitions provide? a way to describe behavior that cannot be directly observed When selecting methods of measurement and data collection, the most important factor to consider is: the data collection method that is most suited to explaining what happened in the study. For which of the following measurement needs would duration recording be most appropriate? how long a student is able to spend on-task What is a typical disadvantage in using permanent products for measurement? The behavior is not actually observed. What is measured in frequency recording? the number of behaviors Which of the following does data-based individualization (DBI) involve? adapting interventions Which of the following is NOT among the factors that differentiate procedures for recording behavior? the equipment that is used Trials to criterion recording are often used in task analysis. True Interobserver agreement in interval recording is best calculated by comparing each interval. True Which of the following are quantities that event-based recording methods measure? rate Which of the following is NOT among the principles involved in intensive academic intervention programs? massed trial practice In cumulative recording, occurrences in an observation period are graphed: after being added to the total up to that point. Which of the following is a practice included in Tier 2 interventions? progress monitoring to determine effectiveness of interventions In what circumstance would the goal be to increase latency time? when the target behavior is to wait before responding to an antecedent stimulus What does the educational significance of results refer to? real-world effects If a study has empirical validity, it can be reasonably concluded that it also has ethical validity. False Observer drift is most likely to occur early in data collection. False Which of the following is not an ethical question that commonly arises in single subject research studies used in education settings with children? Do the predicted outcomes achieve statistical significance? Which of the following is a way in which reliability and validity must be demonstrated in single subject research? external validity Which of the following is a phenomena that can lower the reliability of recorded behaviors? Reactivity Why is replication necessary in single subject research? There is no control group to verify that effects are due to the independent variable. Which of the following is likely to be the first step in training observers in a study? operationally defining the target behavior Treatment drift happens when a treatment: is changed by those administering it. What is social validity? changing behavior in a significant and acceptable way External validity reflects the degree of confidence that other researchers will obtain the same results in different settings from the original study. True A research study tested the effects of a behavioral intervention plan for a student with ADHD, intended to significantly improve his time-on-task. Which of the following observations would show that verification has been achieved? Whenever the intervention is applied, the student's time-on-task is consistently improved. Prediction, verification, and replication in a research study are important because they ensure that: the independent variable is the only factor accounting for differences in the dependent variable. The concept of prediction in a research study means: if the independent variable has no effect, the dependent variable will remain the same. In a single subject study, what is something the studied effects display to prove the study is valid and reliable? Replication Which of the following characteristics does NOT make a topic worthwhile for action research? good potential for publication What is an advantage of using quantitative data in action research? It is not based on personal experience. What is triangulation? diffusing sources of data Why should the process of data analysis begin before all of the data have been collected? It can help shape the course of the study. Any type of data could be suitable for use in an action research study. True Which of the following are ideas researchers should NOT consider after concluding a research project? sharing the study results with one's students Which of the following is NOT among the purposes of a literature review in action research? ensuring that the study has enough items in the bibliography [Show Less]