1. In meeting a new roommate, David stresses his stu- dious qualities, an aspect of himself he wishes oth- ers to agree with, while being willing to
... [Show More] underplay other potentially important aspects of himself. David is practicing a approach in presenting him- self to others. 2. Sofia admires and respects her psychology profes- sor. She is considering becoming a psychologist herself. Should her professor become a role model for her, Sofia may become a psychologist herself if she . 3. Lulu has a firm belief that her abilities are malleable qualities she can cultivate and grow. This is an ex- ample of the 4. When we compare ourselves to others who are less capable, we are engaged in a(n) . Self Verification sees this as a desir- able and achievable potential self growth mindset downward social comparison 5. Many of our mental processes occur outside of our awareness 6. Research indicates that people's online identities often reflect . 7. is demonstrated when people focus their attention on themselves to evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values. 8. is the process whereby people look in- ward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives. 9. As players on a social "stage," we may wish to em- phasize some personal aspect to others, as well as to ourselves. This is called . the ideal self self-awareness the- ory introspection self promotion 10. 10. Positive self-talk such as "I am a lovable person" tends to sometimes de- crease happiness for people with low self-esteem. 11. Performance-contingent rewards depend upon how well we perform a given task 12. The following is NOT a potential problem with self-handicapping: 13. Socially introverted individuals who use Facebook or other online social programs tend to 14. Recent research (Simon, 2004) has noted that lin- guistic cues can activate certain types of self-con- cepts. When other people describe us, nouns tend to activate while adjectives and verbs tend to activate . 15. George was listening as a friend described him to someone else on the telephone. His friend's descrip- tion included "friendly, taller, active" and similar terms. As a result, George is now probably thinking of himself in terms of . 16. When people with low self-esteem receive negative feedback their self-esteem others resent our self-confidence. benefit from receiv- ing validation of a possible self and may improve social success offline social identities; per- sonal identities intragroup compar- isons drops even lower 17. Research shows that people tend to adopt the views of people they like 18. We tend to the views of people we automatically ac- . 19. Which of the following is NOT a reason for suicide bombers' behavior? cept; like 20. Anita makes a silly argument to her parents, attempt- ing to justify her wish to join her friends on a vaca- tion during spring break to an unstable geographic region. Her argument arouses some cognitive disso- nance because 21. occurs when we claim to have an opinion or attitude that differs from our true beliefs 22. A feeling of discomfort which is caused by perform- ing an action that is discrepant from one's custom- ary, typically positive self-conception is referred to as 23. According to the justification of effort theory, people tend to violations of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution it raises doubts about the wisdom of that position and the intelligence of peo- ple who agree with it. Counterattitudinal advocacy cognitive disso- nance increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain. 24. Smokers who tried to quit smoking and failed actually succeeded in lowering their per- ception of the dan- gers of smoking 25. When people are reminded of their own fallibility, they are quicker to 26. The statement "If I had it all to do over again I would not change very much," made by former Presidents Johnson, Nixon, and Reagan, is testament to the fact that 27. Jonna is dreading breaking up with her boyfriend, because she cares about him and does not want to cause him pain. She will likely fabricate a "white lie" go from anger to for- giveness. it is quite difficult for leaders to take re- sponsibility for their mistakes. an external justifica- tion to keep from hurting his feelings. This is an example of 28. humans avoid dissonance, even at the expense of rational behavior. 29. The reduction of dissonance by changing our atti- tude or behavior is 30. Children who were tempted to cheat but resisted came to believe that cheating is bad 31. Allowing children the leeway to construct their own internal justifications for appropriate behavior internal justification through self persua- sion enables them to de- velop a permanent set of values. 32. The harsh training required to become a marine will increase the re- cruits' feelings of cohesiveness and their pride in the corps. 33. President Bush and his advisers, in insisting there were WMDs and going to war because of them, were likely 34. Mary believes herself to be an honest individual, but is unable to resist the temptation to steal a friend's bracelet. Mary is experiencing 35. The most direct way to reduce cognitive dissonance is to 36. Anwar has founded a new club at his university and is concerned about how to best attract members to join. He might do well to employ , wherein he would solicit help from fellow students to hang posters and distribute flyers for upcoming club events. deceiving them- selves cognitive disso- nance change our behav- ior The Ben Franklin ef- fect 37. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cog- nitively based attitude? religious beliefs 38. The stronger the prohibitions, the more likely they are to boomerang. 39. Anwar believes Barack Obama will be a great presi- an explicit attitude dent. This is an example of 40. often take the fear-arous- Public service an- ing approach. nouncements 41. Attitudes will predict spontaneous behavior only easily accessible to when they are people. 42. When attitudes change, they often do so in response social influence to 43. Attitudes are . our evaluations of different aspects of the social world 44. is our negative reaction to perceived reactance threats to our personal freedom. 45. attitudes are rooted more in emo- Affectively based tions and values than objective information. 46. Peter and John are shopping to furnish their new feel good sitting on it home. They are most likely to purchase a new couch in the store. if they 47. Messages that provide a preliminary announcement less effective than that the message is intended to change our opinion those that do not are . forewarn us of this attempt 48. rationally Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of planned behavior suggests that the choice of whether or not to engage in a specific behavior is determined . 49. In LaPiere's classic study, a young Chinese cou- ple traveled across the U.S.A. and reported being most restaurant and hotel managers re- treated courteously at virtually every restaurant and sponded that they hotel. A follow-up survey asking for attitudes toward Chinese travelers found that 50. The heuristic-systematic model of persuasion sug- gests that we engage in . would refuse ser- vice to Chinese trav- elers less effortful pro- cessing when we lack ability or capac- ity for more careful processing 51. People are influenced by advertisements more than they think 52. Pedro is engaged in a role-play situation in which he is resisting peer pressure to smoke cigarettes. This is an example of 53. Which of the following is NOT a dynamic of heuristic persuasion? 54. personal relevance regarding an is- sue generally results in interest. 55. Each of us is confronted with hundreds of attempts to change our attitudes every day in the form of 56. Lin has been rethinking her boyfriend's behavior and decides to break up with him because she feels his drinking is impairing his judgment and their relation- ship. This is an example of a/an 57. Jamal explained to a friend that he was probably in a bad mood because he didn't get much sleep the previous night. Jamal was demonstrating attitude innoculation a time-consuming choice strong; more advertising reasons-generated attitude change causal theory 58. One reason people socially compare is to boost their egos 59. A reason for self-handicapping is to deflect the potential negative, internal at- tribution others may make. 60. Feeling inferior to her new supervisor, Kit used flat- tery and praise as a means of 61. William plays softball on the weekends with a group of friends from work. He believes he is a better pitch- er than Tyreke because batters have fewer hits when he pitches than when Tyreke pitches. This type of comparison can best be explained by . 62. William is considering his girlfriend's choice of mu- sic and concludes that she really likes rock music because she always listens to it in the car. This demonstrates 63. According to self-perception theory, we infer our feelings 64. If we want to know what is excellence - the top level to which we can aspire - we engage in 65. When we compare ourselves to others who are more capable, we are engaged in a(n) . 66. Which of these is NOT part of how humans process information? 67. One way for leaders to avoid the self-justification trap is to 68. Dissonance theory predicts that we will ingratiation social comparison theory internal justification when we are uncer- tain of how we feel upward social com- parison upward social com- parison completely unbi- ased bring in skilled ad- visers outside their inner circle. like a person more after doing a favor for him or her. 69. Behaving without integrity, in and of itself, produces disso- nance. 70. Sam makes a cruel statement to his college room- mate, after which he would most likely 71. Research suggests that executives who believe un- ethical behavior to be the only means by which to attain managerial success experience dissonance in the form of job satisfaction than those who are given no reason to believe this. 72. George W. Bush and his administration continued to assert that weapons of mass destruction would be found in Iraq because they were attempt to convince himself that his roommate deserved his verbal abuse. far greater experiencing enor- mous dissonance. 73. The process of self-justification is an unconscious one. [Show Less]