In what state did Horace Mann begin the Common School Movement?
Massachussetts
Which U.S. Supreme Court decision upheld the constitutionality of
... [Show More] racial segregation in public facilities, including schools, that infamously came to be known as "separate but equal"?
Plessy v. Ferguson (14th Amendment)
Which subgroup of students must schools support when using Title I funding to provide supplemental academic programs?
Economically disadvantaged students
Which amendment of the U.S. Constitution limits the practice of religion in schools?
First Amendment
Which types of meetings are subject to state open meeting laws known as sunshine laws?
School board meetings
What are state legislative bodies responsible for?
Requirements for student graduation
Which type of educational law has influenced how a school district develops their programs for English learners?
Case Law
Which school board practice is often used as a means of ensuring or ignoring the ruling that "separate but equal" is unconstitutional?
School attendance zones
Which testing school practice was influenced by Brown v. Board of Education?
Data analysis
What would be the purpose of changing school zone boundaries?
Desegregation of schools
Which ruling was violated when students with disabilities were placed in separate schools?
14th Amendment
What is the motivation for communities seceding from school districts?
Circumventing integration
Which amendment does the Lemon test determine violation of?
First Amendment
Which legal justification is used by some states for the use of public funds to purchase textbooks for students in parochial schools?
The child benefit theory
Which law provides protection to students who choose to kneel during the Pledge of Allegiance?
First Amendment
Which law would allow a student worship club to hold after school meetings on a high school campus, given the school has a limited open forum?
Equal Access Act
Which action do local authorities have the right to take when states maintain control over curriculum in public schools?
Provide additions to curriculum beyond those required by the state
What did the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Lau v. Nichols require of public schools?
That they provide supplemental language instruction to students with limited English proficiency
Which criterion did Castañeda v. Pickard set for educational programs targeting English learners?
Programs must be based on research.
Which U.S. Supreme Court case established that schools must provide supplemental supports to English learners?
Lau v. Nichols
What is the Tinker test often used for?
To determine a violation of First Amendment rights
When is procedural due process applied during student discipline?
When the student is made aware of charges
Procedural Due Process
Is the process fair?
Is there a right to a hearing?
Based on FERPA, which item is accessible to the parent?
Grades for their child
Which complaints must an administrator swiftly address related to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972?
High school coach inappropriately touching players
Under what parameters is this drug testing allowed under federal privacy laws?
All extracurricular activities
Which legal document spells out any changes to the curriculum, assistive technology, additional time on tests, classroom accommodations, or additional staff needed to meet the educational objectives of a student with a disability?
Individualized Education Program
What is the formal way for parents of students with disabilities to resolve disputes with schools and school districts regarding their child's education?
Due process
What must the IEP team determine at an eligibility meeting?
That a student has a qualified disability, significant educational concerns, and needs that general education program cannot meet without specialized supports
Which person is always a required member of an Individualized Education Program (IEP) team?
Special educator
What do the procedural safeguards explain to guardians of students with disabilities?
Rights, protections, and due process during the evaluation and IEP process
Which group is protected under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)?
Diabetic individuals
Which accommodation scenario would be required by the Americans with Disabilities Act?
A ramp for a student in a wheelchair
What portion of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), adopted and updated in 2010, requires that all construction and alternation of public accommodation buildings, commercial facilities, and state and local government facilities ensure access to the built environment to people with disabilities, enforceable by law?
The Standards for Accessible Design
Which comprehensive declaration of equality for people with disabilities prohibits discrimination in employment, public service, public accommodations, and telecommunication?
Americans with Disabilities Act
Which issue was at the center of several court cases that prompted Congress to pass the ADA Amendments Act of 2008, which effectively overturned the court decisions?
The narrow definition of disability
What do 504 plans provide for students with disabilities?
Accommodations to allow access to the regular curriculum
What does a 504 plan provide to a student with disabilities?
Reasonable accommodations to access the learning environment
What did the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 protect under Section 504?
Discrimination against people with disabilities
What is a qualifying impairment under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1972?
One that substantially limits one or more basic life activities
Which student disability would be covered in a 504 plan, as opposed to an Individualized Education Program (IEP)?
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
What is the term for the members of the Individualized Education Program (IEP) team that have both an annual IEP meeting and a triannual review?
Multidisciplinary team
Which service is provided in an Individualized Education Program (IEP) that is a major difference from a 504 plan?
Changes to the curriculum
14th Amendment
"No state shall deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws", Refers to due process
1st Amendment
Freedom of speech, religion, assembly, press, and expression
Title I
Created to support economically disadvantaged students and schools
Title IX
Individuals in the LGBTQ+ community cannot be discriminated against in any public setting.
Title VII
Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, origin - Enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Equal Access Act
Student initiated religious clubs can have equal access to the school on the same basis as non-religious groups provided there is a limited open forum policy
Coverdell Teacher Protection Act (2001)
Teachers are immune to lawsuit unless a clear evidence that teacher was the proximate cause of injury or the act or omission constitutes willful or criminal or conscious flagrant indifference to the rights or safety of the individual.
ESEA (Elementary and Secondary Education Act)
A major piece of federal legislation that provides federal direction to education and federal funds for schools, first passed in 1965.
Equal Pay Act of 1963
Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Declared a person cannot be excluded on the basis of a handicap alone from any program or activity receiving federal funds
Americans with Disabilities Act
Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commerical buildings.
Establishment Clause
Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.
Equal Protection Clause
14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination
Free Exercise Clause
A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.
Sunshine Laws
Law requiring agency meetings and decision-making process to be open to the public. One way of making agencies more accountable to Congress and the public.
Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
Special education and related services that (a) have been provided at public expense, under public supervision and direction and without charge; (b) meet the standards of the state educational agency; (c) include an appropriate preschool, elementary, or secondary school education in the state involved; and (d) are provided in conformity with the individualized education program.
Case Law
Determines appropriate education for ELL students.
Procedural Due Process
Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power. Says that individual has the right to be made aware of any pending charges.
Substantive Due Process
Constitutional requirement that governments act reasonably and that the substance of the laws themselves be fair and reasonable; limits what a government may do.
Tort Liability
An actionable wrong committed against one person by another independent of contract
deliberate indifference
Ignoring something you know about or should have known about.
Lemon Test
The three-part test for Establishment Clause cases that a law must pass before it is declared constitutional: it must have a secular purpose; it must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and it must not cause excessive entanglement with religion. [Show Less]