RNSG 1538 ATI Concept Base 3 Study Guide.Cellular Regulation:
Ch. 89 General Principles of Cancer
Risk Factors:
● Age; older higher risk
●
... [Show More] Race
● Genetics
● Exposure to chemicals, tobacco & alcohol
● High fat, red meat, & low fiber
● Exposure to sun, UV, & radiation
Staging
● T: tumor higher number bigger tumor
● N: node # of lymph nodes involved
● M: Metastasis: 0 no evidence 1 evidence
Risk for malnutrition
● Hypermetabolic state due to presence of carcinoma
● Impair ability to ingest, digest, absorb nutrients
Ch. 90 Cancer Screening & Diagnostic Procedures
C: change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that doesn’t heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump of breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious changes in warts or moles
Nagging cough or hoarseness
Diagnostics:
● Biopsy provides definitive diagnosis
● Imaging secondary tool; CT, MRI, PET scan, or ultrasound
Ch. 91 Cancer Treatment Options
● Remove tumor: tumor excision
● Chemotherapy: damages cell’s DNA or destroys rapidly dividing cells
○ Unintentional harm to normal rapidly proliferating cells
■ Hair, mucous membranes in GI, & bone marrow
○ Implanted port or central catheter
■ High risk for infection Protect & teach
■ Monitor VS temp 100F reported right away & WBC <1000
Neutropenic precautions
● Colony stimulating production
● Avoid crowds,, changing litter box,, avoid yard work &
gardening, avoid room temp drinks sitting for more than
1 hr,
● Dishes washed in hot soapy water in dishwasher
● Toothbrushes washed daily don’t share personal items
● Avoid food containing bacteria fresh fruits & vegetable,
undercooked meat, fish & eggs, pepper & paprika
○ Administer antiemetic meds
■ Prior, during, afterwards
■ Smells or supplies triggering nausea remove from room
■ Meds to improve appetite & mouth care prior to meals
■ Avoid drinking liquids while eating, inbetween,
○ High protein high calorie & nutrient dense diet & supplement
○ Alopecia
■ 7-10 after initiation to chemo
○ Mucositis: inflammation of tissues in mouth
■ Avoid glycerin based mouthwash or mouth swabs
■ Non alcoholic anesthetic mouthwashes recommended
■ Avoid salty acidic or spicy foods
■ Offer oral hygiene before & after meals
■ Moisturizing agent to counteract dry mouth
■ Use half saline half peroxide rise 2x a week
■ Soft bristled toothbrush
■ Diet bland & soft
○ Anemia & Thrombocytopenia
■ Monitor for s/s: fatigue, pallor, SOB
■ Provide frequent rest periods
■ Administer Epoetin alfa & ferrous sulfate = improve iron levels
■ Monitor for blood in stool, urine, & vomit
■ Monitor for petechiae, ecchymosis, bleeding of gums, nosebleeds
■ Avoid IV, injections taking blood if so apply pressure 10mins
■ Encourage electric razor
■ Soft bristled toothbrush
■ Avoid blowing nose vigorously
■ Administer thrombopoietic meds OPRELVEKIN
■ Avoid NSAIDs and prevent injury
● Radiation Therapy:
○ Skin marked with tattoos to help guide positioning of external radiation [Show Less]