. What are the manifestations of hypokalemia? Hyperkalemia?
Hypokalemia » Muscle weakness, cramping
» Fatigue
» Nausea
» Vomiting
»
... [Show More] Irritability
» Confusion
» Decreased bowel motility
» Paresthesia
» Dysrhythmias
» Flat and/or inverted T waves
(ECG)
Hyperkalemia » Peaked T-waves (ECG)
» Ventricular dysrhythmias
» Muscle Twitching (early)
» Paresthesia (early
» Ascending muscle weakness (late)
» Increased bowel motility
2. What is diabetes insipidus (DI)? What happens with the Na level and the total body water with DI?
How is DI treated?
Diabetes Insipidus: A deficiency of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH or
vasopressin) due to a disorder of the posterior
pituitary gland that results in the inability of the
kidneys to conserve water appropriately. D.I. is
caused by head trauma, tumor, surgery, radiation,
CNS infections, malignant tumors, or failure of
the renal tubules. The underlying cause of DI
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ATI
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ATI Medsurg Pre-Assessment Questions
should be identified and treated.
Na level and total body of water during DI: » Decreased urine specific gravity
» Decreased urine osmolality
» Hypernatremia
» Increased serum osmolality
3. What are the expected abnormal lab values associated with the following endocrine disorders:
Diabetes mellitus, Cushing’s disease, Addison’s disease, and hypothyroidism?
Endocrine Disorder Expected Abnormal Lab Value
Diabetes Mellitus Decreased urine specific gravity
Decreased urine osmolality
Hypernatremia
Increased Serum Osmolality
Increased urine output
Hemoconcentration
Cushing’s disease Hyperglycemia
Hypernatremia
Hypokalemia
Hypocalcemia
Elevated triglycerides
Immunosuppression (look at CBC’s and WBC’s)
Increased plasma cortisol levels
Addison’s disease Hypotension
Hypoglycemia
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia
altered mental health (depression, lability)
Hypothyroidism Hyperlipidemia
Anemia
Low serum T4 and T3
Elevated TSH
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ATI Medsurg Pre-Assessment Questions
4. A client is in acute renal failure (ARF). What should the nurse anticipate the client’s creatinine, BUN
and potassium levels to be?
Acute Renal Failure
Creatinine - Elevated -
BUN - Elevated -
Potassium - Elevated5. What education should be provided to the client following hemodialysis?
Hemodialysis Patient
Education
Maintain fluid restrictions
No BP readings or blood work on the arm that has the dialysis fistula
Notify nurse of muscle cramps, headache, nausea, or dizziness that
occurs during the procedure
Participate in activities to stay pre-occupied during the session (read
books, magazines, listen to music, play games, watch tv, have
discussions with a nurse or someone nearby if possible)
Get weighed before and after the procedure
Monitor the fistula site for clotting and infection
Maintain adequate nutrition
Expect that blood pressure will continuously be monitored throughout
the dialysis procedure [Show Less]