Digraph
A pair of characters used to write one phoneme (distinct sound) ch, ph, ng, qu, sh, th
Phoneme
The smallest contrastive unit in the sound
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Precommuniative Stage
The child uses letters from the alphabet but shows no knowledge of letter-sound correspondence
Semiphonetic
Writing that demonstrates some awareness that letters represent speech sounds, beginning and/or ending consonant sounds of syllables are represented but medial vowells are omitted
Phonetics
A branch of linguistics that comprise the study of sounds
Phonology
Concerned with the given sounds contribution to the language of the system
Transitional
Beginning to use visual memory, mayk, maik, make
Etymology
Is the study of the history of words and how their form and meaning have changed over time
Phonemic Awareness Assessment
Have students identify the sound of the middle, beginning, or end of the word
Rhyming Texts Benefit (Kindergarten)
Fostering phonological awareness
Difficulty with d and b
Help student focus on directionality of each letter as student traces it
Alphabetic Principle
Words are composed of letters that represent sounds, using relationship between letters and phenomes of an unknown string of letters or to spell
Homophones
Words that sound the same but have different meaning
Automaticity
The ability to do things without occupying the mind
Intonations
Variation of pitch while speaking which is not used to distinguish words
Rythyms
A timing pattern among syllables
Dipthong
2 letters that make one sound
Syllabication
Forming or dividing words into syllables
Context Clues
Built into sentences with difficult word to help decipher the difficult word
Cross-Cirricular
Example would be incorporating writing skills into every subject matter
Structural Analysis
Used for reading complex words in upper grades, a word is divided into multi-letter parts
Retelling
After a child reads a story, they retell the story
Web Diagram
Help students learn to categorize and organize their thinking about a topic
Graphemes
English letter or letters that represent phonemes
Vowells
Sounds made when the air leaving lungs is vibrated in voice box, and clear passage from voice box to mouth
Consonants
Sounds that occur when the airflow is obstructed by mouth, teeth or lips
Onset
Think syllable! The initial consonant sound or blend (first)
Rime
Think syllable! The vowell sound and any consonant sounds that follow (second)
Phonogram
Rimes that have the same spelling, also known as word families: cat, baat, sat
Morphology
Study of word formation
Three Reading Assessments
Entry level (pre), Monitoring Progress (during), Summative Assessments (end)
Alternative Assessments (IEP)
More time, smaller units, change mode of delivery, practice assessment, simpler version
Standard Assessment Quality Indicators
Reliability, validity
Reliability of Assessment
Reliable results, consistent scores
Validity of Assessment
Valid if it measures what it claims to measure
Percentile Scores
Norm-referenced, average score 50%
Grade Equivalent Scores
Norm-referenced, raw score is converted to grade level. 42 out of 60 would be 78%
Stanine Scores
Norm-referenced, raw score converted to nine-point scale. (5 average, 9 top, 1 bottom)
Informal Reading Inventories
Word Recognition Lists, Reading Interest Survey, Phonics Assessment, Vocabulary Assessment, Spelling Tests
Graded Reading Passages
Student reads passage, teacher tracks
Miscue Analysis
Running record, detailed record of students performance
Graphophonemic Errors
Errors related to sound/symbol relationships (reading feather for father)
Semantic Errors
Meaning related errors, (dad for father)
Syntactic Error
Reading into for through
Independent Reading Level
Able to read 95% of words without assistance, able to answer 90% of comprehension questions
Instructional Reading Level
Understood with help from teacher, 90% of words correctly, 60% of comprehension questions
Frustration Reading Level
Books cannot be read and understood. Less than 90% of words correctly, did not answer 60% of comprehension questions
Communicate Assessment Results
Daily progress, individual conferences, written summaries of progress, parent/teacher meetings, written progress (classwork)
How to teach Phonological Awareness
Word awareness, syllable awareness, word blending, syllable blending, onset and rime blending
Word Awareness
Goal to help children understand that sentences are made up of words. Start with small sentences
Syllable Awareness
Clap hands for each syllable
Word Blending
Two single syllable words made into one word "cow - boy"
Syllable Blending
Two syllables into one word "sis - ter"
Onset and Rime Blending
Teacher would say "b" and "ank" children put it together "bank"
How to Teach Phenomic Awareness
Sound isolation, sound identity, sound blending, sound substitution, sound deletion, sound segmentation
Sound Isolation
Give student a word, which sound occurs at beginning, middle and end
Sound Identity
List of words with same beginning, middle or end (late, light, love) what sound is at the beginnig of each word
Sound Deletion
If you take the work block and remove the "b" what word would you have (lock)
Sound Segmentation
Most difficult phonemic task - say the word in two sound "bee" would be "b" sound and "ee" sound
Relationship between Phonemic Awarness and Phonics Skills
Develpment of phonemic awareness is prerequisite to teaching phonics [Show Less]