Respiratory System Homework –
Pathophysiology Questions And Answers
2022
What happens in the lungs when the diaphragm relaxes? - ANS-Air is forced
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the lungs.
The respiratory mucosa is continuous through the: upper and lower respiratory
tracts, nasal cavities, and the sinuses, nasopharynx and oropharynx, middle ear
cavity and auditory tube - ANS-E, all of the above
Which of the following activities does NOT require muscle contractions and energy?
- ANS-quiet expiration
The maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximum inspiration is
termed the: - ANS-vital capacity
Which of the following applies to the blood in the pulmonary artery? - ANS-PO2 is
low.
Which of the following causes bronchodilation? - ANS-epinephrine
The central chemoreceptors are normally most sensitive to: - ANS-elevated carbon
dioxide level
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood because: - ANS-PO2 is lower in the
blood.
Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood: - ANS-as bicarbonate ion
What would hypercapnia cause? - ANS-respiratory acidosis
Which of the following would result from hyperventilation? - ANS-respiratory alkalosis
Which of the following values is always decreased with respiratory alkalosis
(compensated or decompensated)? - ANS-PaCO2
What would be the most effective compensation for respiratory acidosis? - ANS-the
kidneys producing more bicarbonate ions
What is the acid-base status of a patient with the following values for arterial blood
gases? serum bicarbonate 36.5 mmol/L (normal range: 22-28), PCO2 75 mm Hg
(normal range: 35-45), serum pH 7.0 - ANS-decompensated respiratory acidosis
What does carbaminohemoglobin refer to? - ANS-carbon dioxide attached to an
amino group on the hemoglobin molecule
How is oxygen toxicity manifested? - ANS-increased pulmonary compliance with
diffuse atelectasis
How is respiratory failure defined? - ANS-PaO2 less than 50 mm Hg or PaCO2
greater than 50 mm Hg
What does the term hemoptysis refer to? - ANS-bright red streaks of blood in frothy
sputum
Orthopnea is: - ANS-difficulty breathing in a recumbent position
Choose the correct information applying to laryngotracheobronchitis: - ANS-viral
infection in child, 3 months to 3 years
Signs and symptoms of acute sinusitis usually include: - ANS-severe localized pain
and tenderness in the face
What are early signs and symptoms of infectious rhinitis? - ANS-serous nasal
discharge, congestion, and sneezing
Why does the influenza virus cause recurrent infection in individuals? - ANS-Viral
mutation reduces immunity from prior infections.
What are typical signs and symptoms of epiglottitis? - ANS-sudden fever, sore
throat, and drooling saliva
What is the most common cause of viral pneumonia? - ANS-influenza virus
Which of the following describes lobar pneumonia? - ANS-sudden onset of fever and
chills, with rales and rusty sputum
How does severe hypoxia develop with pneumonia? - ANS-oxygen diffusion is
impaired by the congestion
Rust-colored sputum in a patient with pneumonia usually indicates: - ANSStreptococcus pneumoniae is the infecting agent
What is the cause of Legionnaires' disease? - ANS-a gram-negative bacterium
Select the statement related to tuberculosis: - ANS-The microbe is an acid-fast
bacillus, resistant to many disinfectants.
How is primary tuberculosis identified? - ANS-caseation necrosis and formation of a
tubercle in the lungs
When does active (secondary) infection by M. tuberculosis with tissue destruction
occur? - ANS-Host resistance is decreased for any reason.
Which of the following statements does NOT apply to M. tuberculosis? - ANSMicrobes can survive for a long time inside tubercles.
Which of the following confirms the presence of active (reinfection) tuberculosis? -
ANS-identification of acid-fast bacilli in a sputum sample
Which of the following is a major factor contributing to the current increase in cases
of tuberculosis? - ANS-the increase in immunodeficient individuals
Histoplasmosis is caused by a: - ANS-fungus
Cystic fibrosis is transmitted as a/an: - ANS-autosomal recessive gene
The basic pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis is considered to be: - ANS-an
abnormality of the exocrine glands
Growth and development of a child with cystic fibrosis may be delayed because of: -
ANS-mucus plugs obstructing the flow of pancreatic enzymes
Persistent thick mucus in the bronchioles of a child with cystic fibrosis may cause: air
trapping, atelectasis, repeated infections, irreversible damage to lung tissue. - ANSD, All of the above
What is a common indicator of cystic fibrosis in the newborn? - ANS-failure to
excrete meconium
What is an early sign of bronchogenic carcinoma? - ANS-chronic cough
Cigarette smoking predisposes to malignant neoplasms because smoking: - ANScauses metaplasia and dysplasia in the epithelium
Why does hypercalcemia occur with bronchogenic carcinoma? - ANS-secretion of
parathyroid or like hormone by the tumor
What is a sign indicating total obstruction of the airway by aspirated material? - ANSrapid loss of consciousness
Which of the following predisposes to postoperative aspiration? - ANS-depression of
the cough and swallow reflexes by drugs
What is the pathophysiology of an acute attack of extrinsic asthma? - ANS-type 1
hypersensitivity reaction
During an acute asthma attack, how does respiratory obstruction occur? - ANSedema of the mucosa, increased secretion of thick, tenacious mucus. C, 2 and 3.
What cause the expanded A-P thoracic diameter (barrel chest) in patients with
emphysema? - ANS-air trapping and hyperinflation
Which of the following is typical of progressive emphysema? - ANS-Residual lung
volume increases.
Destruction of alveolar walls and septae is a typical change in: - ANS-emphysema
When patients with chronic hypercapnia are administered oxygen: - ANS-blood
levels of oxygen should remain slightly below normal
Which statement does NOT apply to emphysema? - ANS-The ventilation/perfusion
ratio remains constant.
What is the cause of chronic bronchitis? - ANS-chronic irritation, inflammation, and
recurrent infection of the larger airways
Which of the following are typical of chronic bronchitis? - ANS-fibrosis of the
bronchial wall
What are typical pathological changes with bronchiectasis? - ANS-airway
obstructions are weak, dilated bronchial walls
Which of the following are significant signs of bronchiectasis? - ANS-chronic cough
producing large quantities of purulent sputum
Why does cor pulmonale develop with chronic pulmonary disease? - ANSPulmonary fibrosis and vasoconstriction increase vascular resistance.
What are common signs of cor pulmonale? - ANS-hepatomegaly and edema in the
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