Frequency
Count of each instance
Duration
Time spent engaged in single instance of target behavior
Latency
Time from onset of stimulus to
... [Show More] onset of response
discontinuous measurement procedures
Recording a sample of instances of the target behavior according to predetermined schedule (e.g., momentary time sampling, partial interval, etc.)
Partial interval recording
Recording if the target behavior occurred at any point in time in a predetermined interval
permanent product recording procedures
Recording performance of a skill based on observing a finished product, not the actual performance of the skill
preference assessments
Conducting formal assessment(s) to determine client preferences for various items/activities and/or implementing informal "preference checks" throughout sessions to ensure motivation remains high
Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement
Items are presented in an array and the client is instructed to pick one and given time to engage with that item. After the engagement interval, the array is presented again without the already selected item(s) and the client selects again. Process continues until all items are chosen or client stops choosing items. The FULL array is presented 3-5 times and selection percentage is calculated to give preference gradient.
ABC Data
Data recorded on the immediate antecedent and consequence for observed instances of target behavior
Rating Scale
Structured assessment form with questions regarding various functions of challenging behavior used to identify likely function(s) to be completed by primary caregivers and others familiar with client
Reinforcement
The process of providing a reinforcer contingent on the client engaging in a behavior that you want to increase
Reinforcer
A stimulus (item, activity, statement, etc.) that, when provided immediately after a response, results in an increase in the future frequency of that response
Unconditioned Reinforcer
A stimulus that requires no learning history to have reinforcing value
Fixed Ratio (FR) Reinforcement
A reinforcer follows a fixed number of responses
Variable Ratio (VR) Reinforcement
A reinforcer follows a variable number of responses
Fixed Interval (FI) Reinforcement
A reinforcer is contingent on the first response after a fixed amount of time since the last opportunity for reinforcement
Variable Interval (VI) Reinforcement
A reinforcer is contingent on the first response after a variable amount of time since the last opportunity for reinforcement
Mass Trials
Trials of the same task/program are presented repeatedly for a set number of trials
Mixed Trials
Trials from various tasks/ programs are presented in random order for a set number of trials or a set amount of time
naturalistic teaching procedures
intentionally setting up teaching procedures to be implemented in the natural context for the skill being targeted
Natural Environment Teaching
The planned/contrived use of behavioral strategies in the client's everyday environment
Incidental Teaching
Implementation of behavioral strategies in the client's everyday environment as opportunities naturally arise
Task Analysis
Set of successive component steps, in small, teachable units, that comprise a complex behavior
Forward Chaining
Training the 1st step in the chain to fluency while prompting all successive steps. Successive steps are targeted for acquisition as the previous step reaches fluency.
Backward Chaining
Training the last step in the chain to fluency while prompting all preceding steps. Preceding steps are targeted for acquisition as the successive step reaches fluency.
Total Task Presentation
Training all steps in the chain at the same time
Stimulus Control
When a particular response occurs more frequently in the presence of one stimulus (or stimuli set) than in the presence of another stimulus (or stimuli set)
Transfer of control
Performance established at one time in one place now occurs in a different time and place
Prompt
An additional stimulus paired with the SD/instruction that brings about correct responding.
Most-to-least prompting (MtL)
Type of prompt hierarchy beginning with most intrusive prompt required to gain correct responding and fading out as success is observed
Least-to-most prompting (LtM)
Type of prompt hierarchy beginning with the least intrusive level of prompting and increasing as errors occur
Discriminative Stimuli (SDs)
A stimulus in the the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced
Environmental Enrichment
Altering the environment to increase access to reinforcers currently available only contingent on certain behaviors
Noncontingent Reinforcement
Access to the putative/ functional reinforcer is available independent of any particular responses/behaviors (i.e., getting the "good stuff" for free)
Deprivation
Withholding or being without access to a reinforcer, thus increasing the value of accessing that reinforcer
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors
Providing functional reinforcer contingent on a specific alternative/ replacement behavior while withholding that reinforcer contingent on target negative behavior
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors
Providing functional reinforcer contingent on any behavior other than target negative behavior while withholding that reinforcer following instances of said negative behavior
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors
Providing functional reinforcer contingent on specific behavior(s) that are incompatible with the target negative behavior and withholding the reinforcer following instances of said negative behavior
extinction procedures
Discontinuing the reinforcer maintaining a behavior, resulting in a decrease of that behavior (due to lack of reinforcement)
Extinction Burst
An increase in the rate of the target behaviors, as well as other behavioral topographies serving the same function, following the introduction of extinction procedures. If extinction is implemented with fidelity, this is not long-term but may be very intense.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a behavior that was previously extinguished and had not been observed to occur over some stretch of time
Data system
Paper & pencil, Catalyst, Google Drive, etc
Means of collection
Access to datasheet & pen, device with necessary software/cloud system, materials such as tally counter, etc.
Essential information for data collection
Date, client name, staff name, program
Behavior
Any muscular, glandular, or neuro-electrical activity; anything a person does (includes covert behavior such as thinking, imagining, etc.)
Skill acquisition plan
The complete context in which a program/protocol fits, including plan for collecting baseline and monitoring effectiveness of the plan
Program/ protocol
The specific teaching components for targeting skills included in the skill acquisition plan
Necessary components for SKILL ACQ. PLAN
Specific goal
Measurement procedures
Baseline
Protocol
Assessment of effectiveness
Modification plan
Necessary components for a PROTOCOL
Purpose & rationale
Relevant SDs
Description of target response
Step-by-step implementation process
Error correction plan
Reinforcement plan
Data collection plan
Necessary Preparation for sessions
Review notes
Review recent data
Review protocols
Prep materials
Maintain client dignity
Allowing choices where appropriate
E.g., selection among reinforcers or programs, participation in goal selection, etc.
Using client preferences/abilities in program planning
E.g., not simply teaching all clients to bag groceries as a vocational skill, but rather identifying strengths that can be shaped into vocational skills
Using as age-appropriate of language & interaction styles as are meaningful to the client
Altering programming to most closely resemble contexts of same-aged peers
E.g., may earn stickers or mom bucks for doing chores when client is 5, but earning actual money or "points" toward purchasing items when they're 15
Minimizing "audience" when challenging behaviors are occurring
E.g., not allowing siblings to watch restraint, moving kids out of the hallway if crying over argument, providing corrective feedback one-on-one rather than publicly, etc.
Access function
Social positive reinforcement
Behavior that is maintained by the presentation of/access to preferred items or activities following instances of that behavior
Antecedent
Setting conditions before a target behavior occurs
Attention function
Social positive reinforcement
Behavior that is maintained by attention provided following instances of that behavior
Baseline data
Data collected before any intervention is implemented
Blocking
Use of your body or other environmental barriers to stop/ interrupt the opportunity for a behavior to occur. This does NOT include any behaviors that restrict client movement!
Chaining
A specific sequence of responses is taught such that the completion of the previous response serves as the SD for the next response
Conditioned reinforcer
A stimulus that requires learning history of pairing with other reinforcing stimuli to have reinforcing value
Confidentiality
Ensuring information about clients (including the fact that they are clients) is not shared outside of the specific team of professionals working with that client (within our agency) or that the family has provided written consent to share with (outside our agency)
Continuous measurement
Recording each instance of the target behavior along the selected dimension
Crisis
Situation/condition in which the client, a family member, or staff are in imminent risk of physical harm
Differential reinforcement
Providing the functional reinforcer contingent on performance of positive skills/behaviors while withholding that same reinforcer contingent on target negative behaviors
Discrete trial teaching
A highly structured teaching arrangement in which individual tasks (broken into necessary component tasks given the learner's needs) are presented as an instruction (SD), paired with a prompt (as needed) followed by a response (R) from the learner and then a consequence from the teacher (SR±) (i.e., SD → R → SR± ). This trial is then followed by a planned inter-trial interval before the next discrete trial is presented
Discrimination training
Reinforcing or punishing a response in the presence of one stimulus (SD) and extinguishing it or allowing it to recover in the presence of another stimulus (SΔ)
Environment
Setting or context in which behavior occurs, including locations, stimuli, people, etc
Error correction
Planned staff response following client errors to ensure the SD is effectively paired with correct responding
Escape function
Social negative reinforcement
Behavior that is maintained by the removal or termination of aversive stimuli following instances of that behavior
Establishing (motivating) operation
Procedures or conditions that establish value for behaviors previously associated with such conditions.
Conditions that increase the value of the reinforcers produced by behaviors previously associated with those conditions
Extinction
Discontinuing the reinforcer maintaining a behavior, resulting in a decrease of that behavior (due to lack of reinforcement)
Generalization
Performance of a skill trained in one context in additional contexts that share similar stimuli, setting the occasion for skill performance
Intermittent reinforcement
Only some instances of a behavior result in a reinforcer
Maintenance
The continued performance of a previously trained skill in the absence of programmed contingencies
Momentary time sampling
Recording occurrence/non-occurrence at a specific point in time
Multiple relationships
Any instance in which the RBT has a relationship (i.e., ongoing interaction) with a client other than as an RBT providing ABA therapy services
Multiple stimulus with replacement
Preference assessment in which items are presented in an array and chosen items are returned to the array after the engagement period
Paired choice preference assessment
Potential reinforcers are presented in pairs until each item is paired with each other item
Prompt hierarchy
Any system of prompts along a gradient used as a means of promoting systematic use & removal of prompts
Satiation
Consuming a substantial amount of a reinforcer, thus temporarily decreasing the value of that reinforcer
Self-stimulation function
Automatic reinforcement
Behavior that is maintained by the sensory input caused by the behavior itself [Show Less]