type 1 diabetes
Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading
... [Show More] to high blood glucose levels. polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia.
type 2 diabetes
Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.
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Pathophysiology of diabetes
The pathophysiology of diabetes involves plasm concentrations of glucose signaling the central nervous system to mobilize energy reserves. It is based on cerebral blood flow and tissue integrity, arterial plasma glucose, the speed that plasma glucose concentrations fall, and other available metabolic fuels. Low plasma glucose causes a surge in autonomic activity.
acromegaly
abnormal enlargement of the extremities. occurs in adults
hyperthyroidism
excessive activity of the thyroid gland- >thyroxine
ØInsomnia, restlessness, tremor, irritability, palpitations, heat intolerance, diaphoresis, diarrhea, inability to concentrate that interferes with work performance; enlarged thyroid gland
ØIncreased basal metabolic rate leads to weight loss, although appetite and dietary intake increase.
hyperperathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and secrete too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This causes the levels of calcium in the blood to rise, a condition known as hypercalcemia.
childhood gigantism
pituitary gigantism when your child's pituitary gland makes too much growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin. if not treated they will have a lower life expectancy and weak limbs. risk of cardiomegaly and heart failure
hypothyroidism
A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal
ØDecreased basal metabolic rate
ØWeakness, lethargy, cold intolerance, decreased appetite
ØBradycardia, narrowed pulse pressure, and mild/moderate weight gain
ØElevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides
ØEnlarged thyroid, dry skin, constipation
ØDepression, difficulties with concentration/memory
ØLoss of eyebrow
Menstrual irregularity
primary hypothyroidism
Hashimoto's disease (causes your immune system to mistakenly attack your thyroid) fatigue, lethargy, sensitivity to cold, depression, muscle weakness.
secondary hypothyroidism
low TSH low levels of T3 and T4
myxedema
occurs in severe or prolonged hypothyroidism.
ØGeneralized, non-pitting edema
ØDecreased level of consciousness, hypotension, hypothermia, history of precipitating event (trauma, sepsis, certain drugs)
ØMay progress to myxedema coma, a life-threatening condition if treatment not received
graves disease
primary hyperthyroidism
removal of thyroid
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Amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
In primary amenorrhea, menstrual periods have never begun (by age 16), whereas secondary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for three consecutive cycles or a time period of more than six months in a woman who was previously menstruating.
Addison's disease
occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone
adrenal gland failure
cardiogenic shock
A state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. It can be a severe complication of a large acute myocardial infarction, as well as other conditions. -tachycardia, loss of consciousness, low BP
end-stage renal disease
The final stage of kidney failure (as that resulting from diabetes, chronic hypertension, or glomerulonephritis) is marked by the complete or nearly complete irreversible loss of renal function. Nausea.
Vomiting.
Loss of appetite.
Fatigue and weakness.
Sleep problems.
Changes in how much you urinate.
Decreased mental sharpness.
Muscle twitches and cramps.
patient has dizziness, increased heart rate, and just had dialysis, what would you do?
take vitals, take ECG, electrolyte panal
Cushing's disease
too much ACTH
gain water weight
bleed easily
bone density reduced
lathargic
moon face
personality changes
gynecomastia
Øterm only used for pituitary hyperstimulation of adrenal cortex; secretes excess cortisol
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
diabetes insipidus
antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
ØExcessive ADH from ectopic production from tumors, notably primary lung malignancies
ØExcess ADH stimulates renal tubules to reabsorb water despite decreased blood osmolality.
symptoms:
ØAdrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism can cause increased ADH secretion and hyponatremia.
ØHyponatremia
ØHigh urine osmolality
ØLow serum osmolality
ØWeakness, muscle cramps, N/V, postural BP changes, poor skin turgor, fatigue, anorexia, lethargy
ØConfusion, hemiparesis, seizures, coma
aldosteronism
caused by an adenoma, usually unilateral, of the glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex or, more rarely, by adrenal carcinoma or hyperplasia
S/S: Muscle cramps, Weakness, Fatigue, Headache, Excessive thirst, & A frequent need to urinate.
secondary aldosteronism
reduced renal blood flow
S/S: High blood pressure, low level of potassium in the blood, Feeling tired all the time, Headache, Muscle weakness, Numbness.
polyurea
excessive urination
renal insufficiency
How is your body effected by fasting?
the body runs out of glucose in blood and glycogen stores in liver. hypoglycemia
glucoeogenesis
body produces glucose from amino acid and glycerol
polyphagia
excessive hunger
glycosuria
presence of glucose in the urine
polyuria
excessive urination
polydipsia
excessive thirst
Why do women wipe from front to back
it could spread e coli that can cause a UTI
decreased GFR
reduced kidney function that causes excess waste in the blood [Show Less]