Pathophysiology
the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body
sign vs symptom
a sign is a physical manifestation
... [Show More] (objective), a symptom is what the patient tells you about the disease (subjective)
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Cell components
nucleus/nucleolus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid inside cells
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial fluids
intravascular fluid
fluid within blood vessels
interstitial fluid
liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body
edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.
Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)
(hypovolemia) loss of both water and electrolytes in similar proportions from the ECF
fluid overload
a condition that occurs when the body cannot handle the amount of fluid consumed
Hypervolemia
abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma in the body
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RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
Maintain blood pressure;
Renin is released by kidneys in response to decreased blood volume; causes angiotensinogen to split & produce angiotensin I; lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II; angiotensin II stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone & causes an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction
Sodium value:
135-145 mEq/L
Hypernatremia
increased sodium levels; thirst, muscle twitching, hyper flex is, seizure
Hyponatremia
1. Headache
2. Seizure
3. Coma
Potassium value
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Hypokalemia S/S
Fatigue, Anorexia, N/V, Muscle weakness, Decreased GI motility, Dysrhythmias, Paresthesia, Flat T waves on ECG
Hyperkalemia S/S
Muscle weakness, Bradycardia, Dysrhythmias, Faccid paralysis, Intestinal colic, Tall T waves on ECG
Calcium value
9.0-10.5 mg/dL
Hypercalcemia S/S
Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia, N/V, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Neurosis, Dysrhythmias,
Hypocalcemia S/S
Diarrhea, Numbness, Tingling of extremities and around mouth, Convulsions, Positive Chvostek sign, Positive Trousseau sign, *Pt at risk for tetany.
Magnesium values
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
Hypomagnesemia S/S
Anorexia, Distention, Neuromuscular irritability, Depression, Disorientation
Hypermagnesemia S/S
Flushing, Hypotension, Drowsiness, Lethargy, Hypoactive reflexes, Depressed respirations, Bradycardia
Phosphate values
2.4-4.4 mg/dL
Hypophosphatemia symptoms
CNS depression, confusion, muscle weakness and pain, dysrhythmias, cardiomyopathy
Hyperphosphatemia symptoms
Hypocalcemia• Hyperparathyroidism• Renal osteodystrophy• Ectopic Calcification
Cardinal signs of inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
Inflammatory response process
Tissue damage-vasodilatation-edema-heat-redness-pain [Show Less]