Hugo Munsterberg
Developed tests of vocational selection, selection tests for motormen, ship captains and telephone operators
Harry
... [Show More] Hollingworth
In 1916 published "Vocational Psychology", apply psychology to assessment of individual differences rather than physiognomy
triadic formulation
knowledge of oneself, knowledge of occupations, knowledge of relations between the two
Frank Parsons
the father of counseling psychology, helped out at the Civic Service House in Boston, believed that people are happier & more efficient if they choose work that is related to their interests & abilities and became a leader in providing career guidance for young people
child saving movement
~100 years ago children dropping out of school was a huge problem (children left school early to work), led to the development of Compulsory Education Laws, 1852 MA - 1917 MS
settlement homes
established in poor neighborhoods to assist workers and their families, social progressives (artists, professors, etc.) would reside in the homes & become active in the community and provided guidance, teaching, and counseling for poor children
counseling psychology
APA Division 17 - integration of theory, science and practice in an effort to help people improve their well-being, alleviate distress and maladjustment, resolve crises, and increase their ability to function better in their lives. Is unique because it includes: healthy aspects and strengths of clients, environmental/situational influences, issues of diversity and social justice, the role of career and work in peoples' lives. First called "Division of Personnel and Guidance Psychologists" then "Division of Counseling and Guidance", changed to "______ Psychology" in an attempt to create an independent identity as a health service profession
John Brewer (1877 - 1959)
Was a critic of psychological tests & disagreed with categorizing people into types, doubted "spread" of mental qualities, stressed education (i.e. the process of learning) over testing (the outcome of learning), used an experiential form of career guidance - he introduced students to different ideas & experiences. Also debated whether career guidance is part of education or psychology
GI Bill of Rights
allowed funding for vets to go to college, adjustment to work
National Mental Health Act of 1946
Greatly increased growth of the mental health field, established National Institute of Mental health (NIMH), funding for research, training and prevention
Northwestern Conference (1951)
Formal statement on the training of counseling psychologists
Adopted Scientist-Practitioner Model, CP should spend most time with individuals within the normal range, but their training should qualify them to work in some degree with individuals at any level of psychological adjustment. CP stresses the positive and the preventative.
Carl Rogers
He trained counselors to work with returning veterans and to focus on the "whole" person and his humanistic and nondirective methods were very influential in counseling psychology (differed from Parson's Trait and Factor Approach), he was the first to study psychotherapy using video & audio tape, Client/Person Centered Therapy, included: conditions of worth, unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness (need to be yourself as a therapist)
Greyston Conference (1964)
Counseling psychologists gathered to decide on the identity of the field, recommended coursework in sociology, career issues, and education, CP needs to market itself better & explain itself to others (reduce
misunderstandings), ultimately helped unite counseling psychologists in a shared mission
E.K Strong
Created the Strong Interest Inventory in 1927 - the most popular, well-supported, & widely used career test today, which compares your pattern of interests to those of satisfied employees in a variety of occupations (later evolved to include John Holland's RIASEC theory)
Holland Codes (RIASEC)
Career success involves matching your personality/interests with a career type, includes 6 types: Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional
Realistic
(Holland Codes) Values concrete and physical tasks, prefers working with things/tools/plants/outdoors rather than people, settings: physical tasks requiring mechanical skill, persistence, physical movement or physical labor, careers: engineer, athlete, pilot, machine operator
Investigative
(Holland Codes) Likes to observe, analyze, evaluate, and solve scientific/mathematical problems
Likes working with ideas rather than people, settings: research lab, medical, careers: biologist, computer programmer, architect, scientist, dentist
Artistic
(Holland Codes) Prefers unsystematic tasks/artistic projects, likes to work with self expressive ideas, settings: theater, concert hall, radio, tv; careers: musician, author, editor, artist, actor, designer
Social
(Holland Codes) Like to inform, enlighten, help, train or cure others, prefers working with and helping others, settings: schools, religious and mental institutions, recreational centers, careers: nurse, teacher, social worker, judge, minister
Enterprising
(Holland Codes) Like to influence, persuade, lead or manage others, enjoys leadership, recognition and power, settings: courtroom, real estate firm, advertising company, political rally, careers: realtor, politician, lawyer, salesperson, manager
Conventional
Likes to work with data, have numerical or clerical ability, prefers structured, orderly, systematic tasks, settings: bank, post office, file room, business/financial office, careers: accountants, receptionist, banker, financial analyst
educational psychology
Focus on how humans learn in educational settings, consultation and research-oriented career.
Research includes: student learning and instructional methods
Fried (2007)
Studied 137 student in two Intro to Psych classes; weekly survey asked students about classroom experience, including laptop use and off-task behavior, using linear regression, found that higher laptop use was correlated with:
lower test scores, less attention to lecture (more off task behavior), less clarity and understanding of lecture
Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)
67 students watched a TED talk and took notes as usual via laptop or hand-written notes, distractions were eliminated, tested with factual-recall questions and conceptual-application questions
They found:
The two groups did equally well on factual recall questions (remember a fact)
The laptop users did significantly worse on conceptual application questions (apply knowledge to topic discussion)
WHY?
Laptop users were writing down everything verbatim, hand writers summarized in their own words
school psychology
APA Division 16, work to improve student well-being by addressing developmental, emotional, social and academic problems that interfere with education the primary focus is to help students with anything that is getting in the way of their learning
assessment
(what school psychologists do?), to determine additional services (special education, gifted programs) needed for students to succeed in school; intellectual abilities, aptitudes for learning, achievement, social and emotional functioning, and mental health. School psychologists do a lot of report writing
intervention
(what school psychologists do?) Provide therapy, skills training, grief counseling
prevention
(what school psychologists do?) Program development and teacher training, bullying, acceptance of diversity, substance abuse, and peer relationships
consultation
(what school psychologists do?) Provide guidance to teachers and admin on managing classroom behavior and structuring school environments. [Show Less]