At what level is the thyroid cartilage located? - ANSWER-At the level of C4-C5
At what level is the sternal (jugular) notch located? - ANSWER-At the
... [Show More] level of T2-T3
At what level is the sternal angle located? - ANSWER-At the level of T4-T5
At what level is the inferior angle of the scapula located? - ANSWER-At the level of T7
At what level is the xiphoid process located? - ANSWER-At the level of T10
At what level is the umbilicus located? - ANSWER-At the level of L3-L4
At what level is the iliac crest located? - ANSWER-At the level of L4-L5
At what level is the greater trochanter located? - ANSWER-At the level of pubic symphysis
Where are the petrous ridges in a mesocephalic (typical) skull? - ANSWER-Petrous ridges project anteriorly and medially at a 47* angle from the midsagittal plane.
Where are the petrous ridges in a brachycephalic (short form front to back) skull? - ANSWER-Petrous ridges lie at an average angle of 54*
Where are the petrous ridges in a dolichocephalic (long from front to back) skull? - ANSWER-Petrous ridges form a narrow angle of 40*
In an AP Axial (Towne) projection of the skull, what baseline is perpendicular to the IR? - ANSWER-The OML
What is the CR angulation for an AP Axial (Towne) projection of the skull? - ANSWER-30* caudal angle, directed through the foramen magnum to the OML
Where does the CR enter in an AP Axial (Towne) projection of the skull? - ANSWER-Approximately 2.5" above the glabella, and passes through the level of the EAM
What parts are demonstrated in an AP Axial (Towne) projection of the skull? - ANSWER-1. The occipital bone/posterior region of the skull.
2. Dorsum sella and posterior clinoid processes projected within the foramen magnum.
Where is the CR directed in a lateral projection of the skull? - ANSWER-Perpendicular to the IR to a point 2" superior to the EAM
What is visualized in a lateral projection of the skull? - ANSWER-1. The sella turcica in profile
2. Superimposed TMJ's and orbital roofs
Where is the CR directed in a PA Axial (Caldwell) projection? - ANSWER-15* caudal to the MSP, exiting the nasion
Where are the petrous ridges projected in a PA Axial (Caldwell)? - ANSWER-In the lower one third of the orbits.
What structures are demonstrated in a PA Axial (Caldwell) projection? - ANSWER-1. Petrous ridges projected in lower one third of the orbits.
2. Frontal sinuses
3. Anterior ethmoid sinuses
4. Sphenoid sinuses through the nasal fossae
Where is the CR directed in a lateral projection of the facial bones? - ANSWER-Perpendicular to the zygoma (midway between the EAM and outer canthus).
What baselines are used in a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection of the facial bones, and how are they positioned? - ANSWER-The MML baseline is positioned perpendicular to the IR, causing the OML to form a 37* angle with the IR.
Where is the CR directed in a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection of the facial bones? - ANSWER-Perpendicular to the IR, exiting the acanthion.
Where are the petrous ridges projected in a parietoacathanial (Waters) projection? - ANSWER-Below the maxillary sinuses.
What is demonstrated in a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection? - ANSWER-1. Petrous ridges projected below the maxillary sinuses.
2. The distance between the lateral border of the skull and the orbits should be equal on both sides.
3. Zygomatic arches
4. Facial bones, orbits, and maxillae
In a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection, what part of the face is touching the IR? - ANSWER-Chin (mental point)
In a PA Modified Waters projection, what part of the face is touching the IR? - ANSWER-The chin (mental point) and the nose.
When is the PA Modified Waters projection used? - ANSWER-1. To demonstrate a possible blowout fracture
2. To demonstrate a possible foreign body
What is parallax motion? - ANSWER-The act of having patient look up with eyes for one view, and then looking down with eyes for second view. Used for MRI clearance of foreign bodies.
In an axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible, where is the CR directed? - ANSWER-25* cephalic, passing through the area of interest
When imaging the ramus of the mandible in an axiolateral oblique, how is the patient's head positioned? - ANSWER-In a true lateral
When imaging the body of the mandible in an axiolateral oblique, how is the patient's head positioned? - ANSWER-Rotated 30* towards the IR
When imaging the symphysis of the mandible in an axiolateral oblique, how is the patient's head positioned? - ANSWER-Rotates 45* towards the IR
What is demonstrated in a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection of the nasal bones? - ANSWER-1. The bony septum
2. The roof of the nasal cavity
What is special about the lateral projection of the nasal bones? - ANSWER-1. Typically performed tabletop
2. Both sides are done for comparison
What is the main part demonstrated on a lateral view of the nasal bones? - ANSWER-The nasal spine
Which paranasal sinus is the largest? - ANSWER-maxillary
Which paranasal sinus is well developed at birth? - ANSWER-maxillary
Which paranasal sinus has an anterior, posterior, and middle cell? - ANSWER-ethmoid
Where are the sphenoid sinuses located? - ANSWER-In the body of the sphenoid bone, directly below the sella turcica
Where are the ethmoid sinuses located? - ANSWER-within the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone
Where are the frontal sinuses located? - ANSWER-in the frontal bone above and medial to the orbits
Where are the maxillary sinuses located? - ANSWER-Below the orbits and lateral to the nasal cavity.
When imaging paranasal sinuses, which lateral is used? - ANSWER-The effected side
What parts are demonstrated in a lateral view of the sinuses? - ANSWER-1. All four sinus groups in profile
2. Superimposed sella turcica and orbital roofs
Where is the CR directed in an AP Axial view of the C-Spine? - ANSWER-15-20* cephalic, entering at C4 (Adam's apple)
What parts are demonstrated in an AP Axial view of the C-Spine? - ANSWER-1. The lower 5 cervical vertebrae
2. The area from C3 to T2
3. Open intervertebral disk spaces
What parts are demonstrated in a lateral view of the C-Spine? - ANSWER-1. Vertebral bodies
2. Intervertebral joints
3. Articular facets
4. Zygapophyseal joints of C2-C3 and C7-T1
How is the patient's head positioned in an AP Open Mouth view? - ANSWER-Head is adjusted so that the line connecting the tip of the mastoid process and the lower margin of the upper incisors is perpendicular to the IR.
What parts are demonstrated in an AP Open Mouth view? - ANSWER-1. The Dens, Atlas, and Axis projected through the open mouth
2. The C1-C2 articulation
3. The first zygapophyseal joints
Where is the CR directed in a lateral swimmers view of the CT-Spine? - ANSWER-Perpendicular to C7-T1 when shoulder is depressed or with a 3-5* angle if shoulder is unable to be depressed.
What is demonstrated in an AP Dens (Fuchs Method) view? - ANSWER-1. The AP projection of the Dens lying within the foramen magnum.
What is demonstrated in a PA Dens (Judd Method) view? - ANSWER-1. The PA projection of the Dens and Atlas through the foramen magnum.
What important rule should be utilized during an AP T-Spine view? - ANSWER-The Anode Heel Effect: a more uniform image can be produced when placing the lower portion of the thoracic spine toward the cathode end of the tube. ("FAT CAT")
What is the purpose of using a breathing technique during a lateral T-Spine projection? - ANSWER-1. Blurs the detail of the lungs and ribs
2. If breathing technique is not uses, exposure should be done at the end of full expiration.
What key positioning technique should be used for an AP projection of the L-Spine? - ANSWER-The patient's hips and knees should be flexed to reduce the lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine and to open up the joint spaces.
Where is the CR directed in an AP projection of the L-Spine? - ANSWER-Perpendicular to the IR, entering at the level of the iliac crests (L4-L5)
What is the purpose of the L5-S1 Spot view? - ANSWER-To open the lumbosacral joint space and demonstrate the possible existence of spondylolisthesis.
If the spine is not in true lateral during an L5-S1 Spot film, what needs to be done to the tube for correct positioning? - ANSWER-1. CR needs to be angled 3-5* caudal for males
2. CR needs to be angled 5-8* caudal for females
What does the ear of the scotty dog represent? - ANSWER-The superior articulating process
What does the eye of the scotty dog represent? - ANSWER-The pedicle
What does the neck of the scotty dog represent? - ANSWER-The pars interarticularis
What does the nose of the scotty dog represent? - ANSWER-The transverse process
What does the leg of the scotty dog represent? - ANSWER-The inferior articulating process
What is the direction of the CR in an AP Sacrum view? - ANSWER-15* cephalic, centered along the MSP
*midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis*
What is the direction of the CR in an AP Coccyx view? - ANSWER-10* caudal, centered along the MSP 2" superior to the pubic symphysis
What is Myelography? - ANSWER-Radiographic study of the spinal cord and its nerve root branches using a contrast medium that is injected into the subarachnoid space (intrathecal injection).
What is demonstrated during a Myelography exam? - ANSWER-Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) - a slipped disc
In an AP Hip projection, what is the purpose of rotating the foot and leg 15* internally? - ANSWER-To place the femoral neck and hip in true AP position.
What parts are demonstrated on an AP Hip view? - ANSWER-1. The femoral head and acetabulum
2. The greater trochanter in profile
3. Any orthopedic appliance in its entirety
Where is the CR directed in an AP Hip view? - ANSWER-Perpendicular to the IR at a point 2.5" distal to the midpoint of the line drawn between the pubic symphysis and ASIS
What is the purpose of rotating the feet 15-20* internally during an AP Pelvis exam? - ANSWER-To place the femoral necks parallel to the IR
Where is the CR directed for an AP Pelvis view? - ANSWER-Perpendicular to the IR at a point 2" inferior to ASIS on the midline of the body
What is demonstrated on an AP Pelvis Outlet (Taylor Method) view? - ANSWER-1. Pubic and Ischial rami without foreshortening
2. Symmetrical obturator foramen
3. Hip joints
What is demonstrated on an AP Pelvis Inlet (Bridgeman Method) view? - ANSWER-1. Symmetrical pubic bones and ischial spines
2. Anterior pelvic bones
3. Hip joints
What is the difference in tube angulation in an AP Pelvis Inlet or Outlet view? - ANSWER-- Outlet: 20-35* (males) / 30-45* (females) cephalic, centered 2" distal to pubic symphysis
- Inlet: 40* caudal entering at level of ASIS
What is a hysterosalpingogram? - ANSWER-A radiographic procedure that uses contrast media to outline the inner contours of the uterus to check the patency of the fallopian tubes and to detect any tubal problems (adhesions or occlusions, uterine abnormalities such as fibroids or fistulas) that could be causing infertility.
When evaluating a PA Chest image, how many rib pairs should be visible to determine proper positioning? - ANSWER-10 pairs of posterior ribs in the lung field
Where is the CR directed for an Upper Rib view? - ANSWER-Perpendicular, at the level of T7
Where is the CR directed for a Lower Rib view? - ANSWER-Perpendicular, at the level of T10
What is demonstrated in an AP (posterior) Oblique of the ribs? - ANSWER-The axillary portion of the ribs closest to the IR
What is demonstrated in a PA (anterior) Oblique of the ribs? - ANSWER-The axillary portion of the ribs furthest from the IR
What is the valsalva maneuver, and when is it used? - ANSWER-The act of exhaling forcibly with the glottis closed during a soft tissue neck exam.
Where is the CR directed during a KUB projection? - ANSWER-Perpendicular to the MSP, entering midline at the level of the iliac crests
When should exposure [Show Less]