PORTAGE LEARNING
NURS 231: Pathophysiology 2022
Module 2 Exam
Question 1
3 / 3 pts
True/False:
Blood tests for tumor markers are the single best
... [Show More] screening tool for cancer. Why or why not? Your Answer:
False. Tumor markers, which can be used for establishig prognosis, monitoring treatment and detecting recurrent disease, have limitiations. Under benign situations, tumor markers can still be elevated.
Whereas in early stages of malignancy, not elevated. They have a lack of specificity and are then limited in their ability to screen or diagnose accuratley.
False, they are elevated in benign conditions, most are not elevated in the early stages of malignancy.
Question 2
3 / 3 pts
Tissue biopsy is of critical importance in what role? Your Answer:
Play a critical role in histologic and cytologic studies for diagnosis of cancers.
Diagnosing the correct cancer and histology.
Question 3
4 / 4 pts
1. List two signs or symptoms a patient may present with that might indicate a cancer diagnosis:
2. What are two side effects commonly experienced by cancer patients? Your Answer:
1) Bleeding and/or weight loss
2) Anorexia, hair loss
1. Bleeding; sore that doesn’t heal; fluid in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces; chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, abdominal discomfort or swelling. Other possible answers can include a mass or lump, pain (need to be specific), fatigue, fevers, weight loss
2. Weight loss, wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, weakness, anorexia, and anemia, fatigue, sleep disturbances
Question 4
10 / 10 pts
Explain the TNM system:
Your Answer:
TNM system is a detailed staging system, created by AJCC, is used by cancer facilites. It classifies cancers into stages using 3 tumor components; Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis. T is size and spread of the primary tumor. N is how involved the lymph nodes. M is the extent of metastatic involvement.
Classification:
Tx, T0, Tis, T1-4 Nx, N0, N1-3 Mx, M0, M1
T is the size and local spread of the primary tumor. N is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes. M is the extent of the metastatic involvement.
Question 5
10 / 10 pts
1. When would surgery be appropriate in the treatment of cancer?
2. Most chemotherapeutic drugs cause pancytopenia due to bone marrow suppression. What are the 3 possible adverse outcomes of this?
Your Answer:
1. Surgery can be used if the tumor is solid and small with well-defines margins. Also can be used to treat oncologic emergencies and be used as prophylactic measures.
2. 3 possible adverse outcomes are neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia.
1. Surgery is often the first treatment for solid tumors. If the tumor is small with well-defined margins, it can be removed completely. It is also used for oncologic emergencies and prophylactic surgery in high risk patients.
2.
Neutropenia- risk for infections Anemia- causing fatigue Thrombocytopenia- risk for bleeding
Question 6
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types.
True Correct!
False
False, cell differentiation
Question 7
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Cell differentiation is the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division.
True Correct!
False
False, cell proliferation
Question 8
2.5 / 2.5 pts
What are two important properties that stem cells possess? Your Answer:
Stem cells possess self-renewal and potency.
Self renewal means that they can undergo mitotic divisions while maintaining undifferentiated state. Potency is the differentiation potential of stem cells.
Potency and self-renewal
Question 9
0 / 2.5 pts
Which of the following are most likely to have arisen from an adult stem cell? You Answered
Muscle Bone
Correct Answer
Epithelial
Neural Question 10
4 / 4 pts
What is angiogenesis? Why do tumors need it? Your Answer:
Angiogenesis is the development of new blood vessels within the tumor. In order to continue growing, it must establish blood vessels and growth factors.
development of new blood vessels within the tumor. They need it to continue to grow.
Question 11
3 / 3 pts
What are normal genes called that become cancer-causing if mutated? Your Answer:
Proto-oncogenes and Tumor suppressor genes
protooncogenes
Question 12
1 / 3 pts
What is a tumor suppressor gene? Give one example. Your Answer:
It is a gene that codes for a protein that inhibits cell growth and signals apoptosis. An example is p53. Tumor suppressor genes are associated with gene underactivity. These genes slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die. BRCA1 or 2, TP53
Question 13
10 / 10 pts
Determine if the tumor is benign or malignant based on the nomenclature: Papilloma
Lipoma Leiomyosarcoma Hemangioma Adenocarcinoma Neuroblastoma Adenoma Melanoma
Lymphoma Glioma
Question 14
10 / 10 pts
A 62-year-old man with a 30-pack year smoking history is diagnosed with small cell lung cancer with metastasis to the bone. (1) Explain the process of how cancer spreads metastatically. (2) What symptoms might he have presented with? (3) Which screening test would he have benefited from?
Your Answer:
1. Metastasis is a multi-step process. Cancer cells breaks loose from the primary tumor and enters circulation via a blood vessel or lymp system. It finds a new favorable location to invade, grow, and establish blood supply.
2. Patient might have presented with shortness of breath, chest pain, and cough.
3. Patient would have benefited from a chest CT scan.
(1) Metastasis- a cancer cell must break loose from the primary tumor, invade the surrounding extracellular matrix, gain access to a blood vessel, survive its passage in the bloodstream, emerge at a favorable location, invade the surrounding tissue, begin to grow, and establish a blood supply. (2) Chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, bone pain. (3) Yearly low-dose chest CT.
Question 15
3 / 3 pts
Benign tumors have which of the following characteristics? Select all that apply.
Undifferentiated cells Correct!
Grows by expansion
Gains access to blood and lymph channels Correct!
Growth may stop or regress Question 16
3 / 3 pts
What are the genetic events that can lead to cancer? Select all that apply. Correct!
Gene amplification
Pleomorphism Correct!
Point mutation
Seeding Correct!
Chromosomal translocation Question 17
4 / 4 pts
List 4 of the 7 risk factors linked to cancer as stated in the module. Your Answer:
1. heredity
2. environmental agents
3. radiation
4. cancer-causing viruses
Heredity, hormonal factors, obesity, immunologic mechanisms, environmental agents such as chemicals, radiation, and cancer-causing viruses.
Question 18
5 / 10 pts
1. is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites.
2. The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known as . Your Answer:
1. Chemotherapy
2. Wasting
1. chemotherapy
2. cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
Question 19
3.5 / 3.5 pts
Which of the following are risk factors for developing cancer? Select all that apply.
Correct!
HBV
Correct!
Alcohol Correct!
High intake of smoked meats Deodorant
Question 20
3.5 / 3.5 pts
All of the following viral agents are correctly paired with the associated lesion except:
Human papillomavirus (HPV): genital warts Correct!
Epstein-Barr virus: carcinoma of the cervix
Epstein Barr is linked to Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer. Cervical carcinoma is linked to HPV.
Hepatitis B virus: hepatocellular carcinoma
Human herpes virus-8: Kaposi sarcoma Question 21
3 / 3 pts
List one example of screening for each method: observation, palpation, and lab test/procedure: Your Answer:
Observation: skin Palpation: breast Lab test: Pap smear
Observation: skin, mouth, external genitalia
Palpation: breast, thyroid, rectum and anus, prostate, lymph nodes Laboratory tests and procedures: Pap smear, colonoscopy, mammography [Show Less]