PORTAGE LEARNING
NURS 231: Pathophysiology 2022
Module 1 Exam
Question 1
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
A bodybuilder’s muscles will display
... [Show More] hyperplasia.
True Correct!
False
It will display hypertrophy.
Question 2
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Barrett esophagus is an example of dysplasia.
True Correct!
False
It’s metaplasia.
Question 3
0 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the number of cells You Answered
True
Correct Answer
False Question 4
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True/False:
Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions. Correct!
True
False
Question 5
10 / 10 pts
Match the following:
Deals with the cause of death in a population a.
Incidence
Number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time b. Prevalence
Number of people with the disease in a population in a given time c. Morbidity
The effect of an illness on one’s life
d. Mortality
Question 6
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
Which is NOT true of the cytoskeleton?
It controls shape and movement
Cilia and flagella are microtubule-filled cellular extensions Correct!
It includes peroxisomes and proteasomes
Peroxisomes and proteasomes are not part of the cytoskeleton.
Question 7
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Which of the following move across the cell membrane via diffusion? Select all that apply. Correct!
Oxygen
Glucose Correct Answer
Water Correct!
Carbon dioxide Question 8
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
Which of the following are false regarding cell communication?
Endocrine signaling depends on hormones Neurotransmitters act through synapses
G-protein linked receptors act through an on-off switch Correct!
Paracrine signaling releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid that affects its own activity Question 9
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Which is true of the cytoskeleton? Select all that apply. Correct!
It controls shape and movement Correct!
Cilia and flagella are microtubule-filled cellular extensions It includes peroxisomes and proteasomes
Question 10
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Multiple Choice
High blood pressure is an example of which of the following?
Pathology Correct Answer
Pathophysiology
Physiology You Answered
No answer text provided. Question 11
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
A patient has a fever and rash. What are these examples of? Correct!
Signs Symptoms
Both A & B Question 12
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is true of a test’s sensitivity?
It is how likely the same result will occur if repeated Correct!
If negative, it can safely be assumed that the person does not have a disease It is considered a true-negative result
It can only be calculated from people without the disease Question 13
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Multiple Choice
Which of the following is the effect of an illness on one’s life?
Incidence Correct!
Morbidity
Prevalence
Mortality Question 14
10 / 10 pts
Define secondary prevention and give an example:
Your Answer:
It is one of three categories in disease prevention. It aims to detect and treat disease early, while the disease is asymptomatic and curable. An example is an annual Pap smear.
Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is asymptomatic and curable. Some examples include annual Pap smears to detect early cervical cancer, encouraging smoking cessation, checking blood pressure and cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening.
Question 15
10 / 10 pts
Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis. Your Answer:
2 types are dry and moist. In dry gangrenous, the affected tissue is dehydrated, shrinks back and becomes dark brown or black in color. THe spread of dry is slow. In wet, the affected area is cold, swollen, with no pulse. The skin is moist, black, and distended. Small blisters form and as liquefaction occurs, foul ordor emerges. The spread of wet gangrenous is rapid.
In dry gangrene the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid.
Question 16
10 / 10 pts
Explain what necrosis is and give an example and description of one type of necrosis. Your Answer:
Necrosis is cell death in tissue or organ that is still part of a living person. An example of a type of necrosis is coagulative necrosis. This results from a sudden cutoff of the blood supply to an organ, such as the heart.
Necrosis refers to cell death in an organ or tissues that is still part of a living person. It often interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration. Coagulative necrosis results most often from a sudden cutoff of blood supply to an organ (ischemia), particularly the heart and kidney. Liquefactive necrosis occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed. It is commonly seen with brain infarcts or abscesses. Caseous necrosis occurs as part of granulomatous inflammation and is most often associated with tuberculosis.
Gangrenous necrosis most often affects the lower extremities or bowel and is secondary to vascular occlusion. The term gangrene is applied when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis. In dry gangrene the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface,
liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid.
Question 17
10 / 10 pts
Match the type of cell injury to the cause. Some answers may be used more than once. (1 point each) Sunburn a. Physical agents
Obesity b. Radiation injury
Reactive oxygen species c. Chemical injury
Low oxygen to tissues d. Biologic agents
Fractures e. Nutritional imbalances
OTC drugs f. Free radical injury
Hypothermia g. Hypoxic cell injury Radiation treatment
Lead toxicity Bacteria
Question 18
10 / 10 pts
List the 4 types of tissue found in the body. Pick 2 and give a description and example of each. Your Answer:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
Epithelial tissue covers the body's outer surface, lines inner surfaces, forms glandular tissue. It is avascular and can be squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. An example of this type of tissue is our skin. Muscle tissue functions to move our bones, pump blood through the heart, as well as contract blood vessels. Cardiac muscle tissue is an example of muscle tissue.
Epithelial tissue covers the body’s outer surface, lines the inner surfaces, and forms glandular tissue. Epithelial tissue has three distinct surfaces and the basal surface is attached to an underlying
basement membrane. It is avascular, meaning without blood vessels. It receives oxygen and nutrients from the capillaries of the connective tissue on which it rests.
Connective or supportive tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body. It connects and binds or supports the various tissues. Its cells produce the extracellular matrix that support and hold tissues together. Connective tissue is divided into two types: connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue (cartilage, bone, and blood cells). The four types of connective tissue proper are loose (areolar), adipose, reticular, and dense connective tissue.
The function of muscle tissue is to move the skeletal structures, pump blood through the heart, and contract the blood vessels and visceral organs. Muscle tissue can accomplish this by contraction.
The two types of fibers that contract are called thin and thick filaments. Thin filaments are called actin, and the thick filaments are myosin. The three types of muscles tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
Nervous tissue is distributed throughout the body for communication. It provides the means for controlling body function and for sensing and moving about the environment. The two types of cells are neuron and glial cells. Neurons function is communication. Glial (meaning glue) cells support the neurons.
Question 19
2.5 / 2.5 pts
What is the most studied active transport system in the human body? Your Answer:
The most studied active transport system is the sodium-potassium-ATPase pump. This pumo moves sodium from inside the cell to outside region, returning potassium to the inside of the cell. If this did not occur, sodium would remain in the cell, water would follow resulting in the cell to swell.
Sodium-potassium (Na+/K+)-ATPase pump
Question 20
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What is the term to describe when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient?
Your Answer:
Active transport
Active transport
Question 21
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Give one function of a membrane potential:
Your Answer:
Generate nerve impulses
Generate nerve impulse, muscle contractions, or cause hormone secretion
Question 22
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What is the term that describes a transport protein to help lipid soluble or large molecules pass through the membrane, that otherwise would not be able to get through?
Your Answer: Facilitated diffusion facilitated diffusion [Show Less]