Topographic surveys
determine locations of natural and artificial features and elevations used in map making.
Land, boundary, and cadastral
... [Show More] surveys
establish property lines and property corner markers. The term cadastral is now generally applied to surveys of the public lands systems.
Hydrographic surveys
define shorelines and depths of lakes, streams, oceans, reservoirs, and other bodies of water.
Sea surveying
associated with port and offshore industries and the marine environment, including measurements and marine investigations made by shipborne personnel.
Alignment surveys
made to plan, design, and construct highways, railroads, pipelines, and other linear projects.
Construction surveys
provide line, grade, control elevations, horizontal positions, dimensions, and configurations for construction operations.
As-built surveys
document the precise final locations and layouts of engineering works, and record any design changes that may have been incorporated into the construction.
Mine Surveys
performed above and below ground to guide tunneling and other operations associated with mining
Solar surveys
map property boundaries, solar easements, obstructions according to sun angles, and meet other requirements of zoning boards and title insurance companies.
Optical tooling
is a method of making extremely accurate measurements for manufacturing processes where small tolerances are required.
Plane Surveying
is the curvature of the earth is not consideration
Geodetic Survey
curvature of the earth is considered
standard deviation
vertical line
A line that follows the local direction of gravity as indicated by a plumb line.
Level surface
A curved surface that at every point is perpendicular to the local plumb line
Level line
A line in a level surface; therefore, a curved line
Horizontal plane
A plane perpendicular to the local direction of gravity. In plane surveying, it is a plane perpendicular to the local vertical line.
Horizontal line
A line in a horizontal plane. In plane surveying, it is a line perpendicular to the local vertical.
Vertical datum
any level surface to which elevations are referenced
Elevation
The distance measured along a vertical line from a vertical datum to a point or object
Geoid
A particular level surface that serves as a datum for all elevations and astronomical observations.
Mean sea level (MSL)
was defined as the average height for the surface of the seas for all stages of tide over
Tidal datum
The vertical datum used in coastal areas for establishing property boundaries of lands bordering waters subject to tides.
A tidal datum also provides the basis for locating fishing and oil drilling rights in tidal waters, and the limits of swamp and overflowed lands.
Bench mark (BM)
A relatively permanent object, natural or artificial, having a marked point whose elevation above or below a reference datum is known or assumed.
Leveling
The process of finding elevations of points or their differences in elevation.
Vertical control
A series of bench mar [Show Less]