Phys homework 6 Exam 34 Questions with Verified Answers
Curare was once used as the sole anesthetic for surgery until it was realized the patients'
... [Show More] sense of feeling was unaffected. Patients experienced the pain of surgery but couldn't react until the curare "wore off". Predict how curare could block patients from reacting to but not from feeling pain. - CORRECT ANSWER Curare affects transmission of information between motor neurons and their postsynaptic cells, but not between sensory neurons and their postsynaptic cells
What happens to acetylcholine after it binds to an acetylcholine receptor? - CORRECT ANSWER It's inactivated in synaptic cleft
If an acetylcholine (cholinergic) antagonist were administered systemically (throughout the body), all the following synapses would be directly affected EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. - CORRECT ANSWER sympathetic postganglionic synapse onto the target
Which efferent output innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands? - CORRECT ANSWER autonomic
Which efferent output innervates skeletal muscle? - CORRECT ANSWER somatic
Which efferent output consists of the axons of somatic motor neurons? - CORRECT ANSWER somatic
Which efferent output exerts either an excitatory or an inhibitory effect on its effector organs? - CORRECT ANSWER autonomic
Which efferent output exerts antagonistic control over effector organs? - CORRECT ANSWER autonomic
What efferent output exerts only an excitatory effect on its effector organs? - CORRECT ANSWER somatic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress? - CORRECT ANSWER sympathetic
What is secreted by all preganglionic fibers? - CORRECT ANSWER acetylcholine
What is secreted by primarily by sympathetic postganglionic fibers? - CORRECT ANSWER epinephrine and norepinephrine
What is secreted by primarily by parasympathetic postganglionic fibers? - CORRECT ANSWER acetylcholine
What is secreted by the adrenal medulla? - CORRECT ANSWER epinephrine and norepinephrine
What is secreted by somatic motor neurons? - CORRECT ANSWER acetylcholine
What binds to muscarinic or nicotinic receptors? - CORRECT ANSWER acetylcholine
What binds to alpha or beta adrenergic receptors? - CORRECT ANSWER epinephrine and norepinephrine
At which location(s) would you expect to find nicotinic receptors? - CORRECT ANSWER ganglions of ANS sympathetic and parasympathetic, and on skeletal muscle of somatic
At which location(s) would you expect to find muscarinic receptors? - CORRECT ANSWER effectors of autonomic nervous system (smooth and cardiac muscle)
At which location(s) would you expect to find adrenergic receptors? - CORRECT ANSWER effectors of autonomic nervous system (smooth and cardiac muscle)
At which location(s) would you expect to find directly-gated (ionotropic) receptors? - CORRECT ANSWER ganglions of ANS sympathetic and parasympathetic, and on skeletal muscle of somatic
At which location(s) would you expect to find indirectly-gated (metabotropic) receptors? - CORRECT ANSWER effectors of autonomic nervous system (smooth and cardiac muscle)
Organophosphate insecticides are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. What symptoms might you expect to observe in a patient with organophosphate poisoning due to any changes in parasympathetic activity? Choose ALL that apply - CORRECT ANSWER decreased heart rate and increased salivary production
If you give an individual an antagonist of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor (mAChR), that person would likely experience which of the following symptoms? Choose ALL that apply - CORRECT ANSWER dilated pupils, decreased insulin secretion, and slowed digestion
Which structure leads to activation of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system to activate a fight-or-flight response? - CORRECT ANSWER hypothalamus
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released onto both cardiac and skeletal muscle. When acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors on cardiomyocytes, slowing of the heart rate occurs; when it binds to cholinergic receptors in skeletal muscle you get increased muscle contraction. How is it possible that the same neurotransmitter can produce two different responses? - CORRECT ANSWER receptor determines the effect
Beta blockers (beta-adrenergic antagonists) are used for a variety of medical conditions (e.g., glaucoma, heart problems, anxiety disorders). Chronic therapy with beta-blockers can lead to _______ (downregulation, upregulation) of beta-adrenergic receptor density. If a patient suddenly goes cold turkey and stops taking beta-blockers, there can be side effects due to the abrupt withdrawal, such as _______ (bradycardia, tachycardia) because of the altered sensitivity of the target cells. - CORRECT ANSWER upregulation, tachycardia
MATCHING- Arterioles in skeletal muscle will dilate if release of norepinephrine by the autonomic nervous system ______ (decreases, increases); these arterioles will constrict if release of norepinephrine ______ (decreases, increases). This is an example of _______ (antagonistic, synergistic, tonic) control - CORRECT ANSWER increases, decreases, tonic
If you wanted to develop a drug that would block vasodilation, but not vasoconstriction, you would want to create an antagonist of which receptor type? - CORRECT ANSWER beta adrenergic
You are pushing as hard as you can against a wall, and suddenly your biceps muscle relaxes. What is the sensor embedded in the biceps muscle which causes your biceps to relax? - CORRECT ANSWER golgi tendon organ
Which of the following does the Golgi tendon reflex involve? - CORRECT ANSWER polysynaptic, inhibitory neuron, excitatory synapse, inhibitory synapse
You tap the tendon behind the knee that is attached to the hamstring muscle. In response to this stimulus, which muscle would contract and which would relax? - CORRECT ANSWER hamstring contracts, quad relaxes
Match the type of graded potential (excitatory or inhibitory) you would expect to see in the input region of each cell within the monosynaptic and polysynaptic pathways of the stretch reflex, when the pathway is activated by stretch of the agonist muscle.
Monosynaptic pathway:
sensory neuron?
motor neuron?
agonist muscle? - CORRECT ANSWER excitatory, excitatory, excitatory
Match the type of graded potential (excitatory or inhibitory) you would expect to see in the input region of each cell within the monosynaptic and polysynaptic pathways of the stretch reflex, when the pathway is activated by stretch of the agonist muscle.
Polysynaptic pathway:
sensory neuron?
interneuron?
motor neuron?
antagonist muscle? - CORRECT ANSWER excitatory, excitatory, inhibitory, excitatory [Show Less]