Growth & Development
*Growth - Increase in physical size of a structure or whole.
- Quantitative change.
Two parameters of Growth
1. Weight- Most
... [Show More] sensitive measure of growth, especially low birth rate.
6 months-----BW doubles
12 months----BW triples
2-2 ½ yrs-----BW quadrupled
2. Height - Increase by 1”/mo during 1st 6 months, 7-12 months by 1 ½ inch.
- Average increase in height - 1st year = 50%
Stoppage of ht coincide with eruption of wisdom tooth.
*Development - Increase skills or capability to function
- Qualitative
How to measure development:
1. Observe child doing specific task.
2. Role description of child’s progress
3. DDST- Denver development screening test except mental, its I.Q. Test
MMDST (Phil) Metro Manila Developmental Screening Test.
4 Main Rated Categories of DDST
1. Language communication
2. Personal social-interaction
3. Fine motor adapting- prehensile ability to use hand movement
4. Gross motor skills- large body movement
*Maturation- same with development “readiness”
*Cognitive Development –ability to learn and understand from experience, to acquire and retain knowledge, to
respond to a new situation and to solve problems. *Learning---change of behavior
IQ Test- test to determine cognitive development * Average IQ – 90-100
Formula: Mental age x 100 = IQ * Gifted child- > 130 IQ
Chronological age
II. Basic Divisions of Life
1. Prenatal stage from conception- birth
2. Period of Infancy
a. Neonate- 1
st
28 days or 1st 4 weeks of life
b. Formal infancy- 29 day – 1 year
3. Early Childhood
a. Toddler – 1-3 yrs
b. Pre school 4-6 years
4. Middle Childhood
a. School age- 7 – 12 yrs
5. Late Childhood
a. Pre adolescent 11 – 13 yrs
b. Adolescent 12 - 18 – 21
Created by Niňa E. Tubio 1
III. Principles of G & D
1. G&D is a continuous process that begins from conception- ends in death--“ Womb to Tomb principle”
2. Not all parts of the body grow at the same time or at same rate.-------------“Asynchronous Growth principle”
Patterns of G&D:
a. Renal, GIT, musculoskeletal, circulatory----grows rapidly during childhood
b. Neuromuscular tissue (CNS, brain, S. cord)---grow rapidly 1-2 years of life
• Brain achieved its adult proportion by 5 years.
• 1-2 y/o- very important yrs---if with severe malnutrition--mild mental
retardation
c. Lymphatic system- lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils---grows rapidly- infancy and childhood
-protection against infection
• tonsil adult proportion by 5 years
d. Reproductive system- grows rapidly at puberty
Rates of G&D:
a. Fetal and Infancy – period of most rapid G&D -----*prone to develop anemia
b. Adolescent- period of rapid G&D Toddler- slow growth period
c. Toddler and preschool- alternating rapid and slow
d. School age- slower growth
3. Each child is unique
2 Primary Factors Affecting G&D :
A. Heredity: R – race F- born less in length than M by 1 inch.
I – intelligence F- born less in wt. than M by 1 lb.
S – sex
N - nationality
B. Environment: Q – quality of nutrition
S – socio eco. status
H – health
O – ordinal position in family Eldest- ability in comm. & social skills
P – parent child relationship youngest- more toilet trained
4. G&D occurs in a regular direction reflecting a definitive & predictable patterns or trends.
A. Directional Trends- occur in a regular direction reflecting the development of neuromuscular
function. These apply to physical, mental, social and emotional development and includes.
1. Cephalo-caudal--- “head to toe”
• Occurs along body’s long axis in w/c control over head, mouth & eye
movements & precedes control over upper body torso and legs.
2. Proximo- distal---- “Centro distal”
• From center of body to extremities.
3. Symmetrical----side of body develop on same direction at same time at same rate.
4. Mass Specific “Differentiation”
- Learns simple operations before complex function, from broad general pattern of behavior to a refined pattern.
B. Sequential- involves a predictable sequence of G&D to w/c the child normally passes.
1. Locomotion- creep, crawls, sit then stand.
2. Socio & Language skills- solitary games, parallel games
C. Secular- worldwide trend of maturing earlier & growing larger as compared to succeeding generations.
5.Behavior--most compressive indicator of developmental status. *1st cry--oha
6. Universal language of child- play 2
nd sound-cooing
7. Great deal of skill and behavior is learned by practice. Practice makes perfect. 3
rd sound-ahh(bowel)
9. Neonatal reflexes must be lost 1st before dev’t can proceed. *1st play-solitary
-Plantar reflex shld. disappear before baby can walk
Created by Niňa E. Tubio 2
-Moro reflex shld. disappear before baby can roll
*Persistent primitive infantile reflexes- case of cerebral palsy [Show Less]