Pediatric ARDMS Review Exam 271 Questions with Verified Answers
Most common malignant liver tumor in children? - CORRECT ANSWER Hepatoblastoma
2nd
... [Show More] most common malignant liver tumor in children. Seen w/ hep B and Wilsons disease. - CORRECT ANSWER HCC
Most common benign hepatic tumor of childhood. - CORRECT ANSWER Infantile Hemangioendothelioma
Benign liver lesion made up of small blood filled spaces lined w/ endothelial cells - CORRECT ANSWER Cavernous Hemangioma
Congenital benign liver tumor originating along portal triads - CORRECT ANSWER Mesenchymal Hamartoma (aka Lymphangioma)
Congenital cystic dilatation of intrahepatic ducts. - CORRECT ANSWER Caroli disease
Which biliary tract pathology has an increased risk of Cholangiocarcinoma? - CORRECT ANSWER Caroli disease
What is the most common cause of hyperbilirubinemia? - CORRECT ANSWER Biliary atresia
What procedure can be done to preserve the liver in cases of biliary atresia? - CORRECT ANSWER Kasai procedure
What is the most common (but rare) neoplasm of the biliary tract in children? - CORRECT ANSWER Rhabdomyosarcoma
Most common malignant Splenic neoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER Lymphoma
What may cause multiple hypoechoic masses in the spleen? - CORRECT ANSWER Langerhans cell histocytosis
Solid complex mass in spleen. Rare but mets to liver, bone, lymph nodes. - CORRECT ANSWER Angiosarcoma
Autosomal recessive disorder that presents w/ Hepatosplenomegaly and bone infarctions. - CORRECT ANSWER Gaucher storage disease
When is Pyloric Stenosis most common? - CORRECT ANSWER 2-6 weeks (boys)
Common cause of delayed emptying of stomach, antral narrowing & causes vomiting - CORRECT ANSWER Pylorospasm (aka Antral Dyskinesia)
Most common malignant neoplasm of GI tract in children. - CORRECT ANSWER Lymphoma
Most common cause of congenital duodenal obstruction in newborns. - CORRECT ANSWER Duodenal atresia
Midgut malrotation - CORRECT ANSWER SMV positioned left of SMA
Most common acute abdominal disorder in early childhood? - CORRECT ANSWER Intussusception
Most common inflammatory disease of small bowel. - CORRECT ANSWER Crohn disease
Most common small bowel malignancy in childhood. - CORRECT ANSWER Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Most common surgical emergency in children. - CORRECT ANSWER appendicitis
(more common in girls)
Most common cause of urethral obstruction in boys. - CORRECT ANSWER Posterior urethral valves
Absent or small abdominal wall musculature. Multiple urinary tract anomalies seen. Exclusively males. - CORRECT ANSWER Prune Belly Syndrome
(Eagle Barrett Syndrome)
Most common renal malignancy in children. - CORRECT ANSWER Wilms tumor
(Nephroblastoma)
What is the aggressive malignant renal tumor that occurs in patients w/ sickle cell disease? - CORRECT ANSWER Renal Medullary Carcinoma
Most common benign renal tumor in children. - CORRECT ANSWER Mesoblastic Nephroma
(Renal Hamartoma,
Mesenchymal Hamartoma)
Most common extracranial tumor in children. - CORRECT ANSWER Neuroblastoma
Benign Adrenal tumor made of ganglion cells. - CORRECT ANSWER Ganglioneuroma
Overproduction of cortisol in the adrenal cortex - CORRECT ANSWER Cushing Syndrome
Overproduction of mineralcorticoid aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWER Conn Syndrome
(Primary Aldosteronism)
Autosomal Recessive error of metabolizing fat. Leads to accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in tissues of body. - CORRECT ANSWER Wolman Disease
Autosomal dominant disease where multiple organs present w/ cysts. - CORRECT ANSWER Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Infantile type of pancreatic carcinoma. May be seen w/ Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. - CORRECT ANSWER Pancreaticoblastoma
Most common islet cell tumor - CORRECT ANSWER Insulinoma
2nd most common islet cell tumor - CORRECT ANSWER Gastrinoma
Malignant ovarian tumor. Usually larger than 10cm. - CORRECT ANSWER Germ cell tumor
Name the 2 Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Granulosa cell
2. Sertoli-Leydig
Which ovarian tumor is due to excessive Estrogen production? - CORRECT ANSWER Granulosa cell
Which ovarian tumor is due to excessive Androgen production? - CORRECT ANSWER Sertoli-Leydig
Most common tumor of the genitourinary tract in children? - CORRECT ANSWER Rhabdomyosarcoma (malignant vaginal tumor)
Pyloric muscle is thickened when - CORRECT ANSWER > 3mm
Pyloric channel is elongated when - CORRECT ANSWER > 17mm
Diameter of intussuscepted bowel - CORRECT ANSWER > 3cm
Normal hip Alpha angle - CORRECT ANSWER 60 degrees or greater
Normal hip Beta angle - CORRECT ANSWER 55 degrees or less
The smaller the ______ angle and the larger the ______ angle, the more likely that dysplasia is present. - CORRECT ANSWER Alpha; Beta
Normal appendix should not exceed - CORRECT ANSWER 6mm
Name 3 types of Dorsal Stigmata seen with Occult spinal dysraphism: - CORRECT ANSWER sacral dimples
skin tags
abnormal hair growth
Which Occult spinal dysraphism is often associated with a tight filum terminale? - CORRECT ANSWER Lipomyelocele
Lipomyelomeningocele
What is it called when a sagittal cleft is present in the spinal cord causing it to divide into 2 cords - CORRECT ANSWER Diastematomyelia
Types of Overt Spinal Dysraphism (non-skin covered) - CORRECT ANSWER Myelocele
Myelomeningocele
Heterogeneous fluid within dorsal & ventral epidural space - CORRECT ANSWER Lumbar puncture hematoma
What is the #1 cause for congenital hydro? - CORRECT ANSWER UPJ obstruction
What are the small segmented pouches called within the colon? - CORRECT ANSWER Haustra
How to get low flow in kidneys to show? - CORRECT ANSWER decrease PRF
Nutcracker Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER Compression of left renal vein between SMA and aorta
(Left flank pain and hematuria
Left testicular pain in men and LLQ pain in women)
Best sonographic window to image Thymus gland - CORRECT ANSWER Suprasternal
Transsternal
Parasternal
How many Parathyroid glands are there? - CORRECT ANSWER 4
(occasionally more)
Triangular cord sign - CORRECT ANSWER Biliary Atresia (fibrous ductal remnant)
Anisotropy - CORRECT ANSWER artifact caused by tendon (msk)
Tendons attach _____ to _____ - CORRECT ANSWER muscle to bone
How long after ischemic will you see PVL? - CORRECT ANSWER less than 2 weeks
What separates the right and left lobe of the liver? - CORRECT ANSWER Main lobar fissure
Main complications of indwelling catheter in Aorta? - CORRECT ANSWER Aortic thrombus
First treatment for intussusception - CORRECT ANSWER air-contrast enema
Vessels involved in Midgut malrotation - CORRECT ANSWER SMV positioned LEFT of SMA
Clinical manifestations of Vein of Galen malformation - CORRECT ANSWER high output CHF
intracranial bruit
Pressure on Anterior fontanelle causes... - CORRECT ANSWER bradycardia
Best position of hip to obtain Alpha measurement? - CORRECT ANSWER infant lateral decubitus
femur extended
Split Cord Malformation (Diastematomyelia) - CORRECT ANSWER sagittal cleft in spinal cord dividing it into 2 hemicords
A child under 5 years old presenting with weight loss and a RUQ mass may have: - CORRECT ANSWER Hepatoblastoma
When might you see a flattened adrenal gland? - CORRECT ANSWER with renal agenesis
Normal measurement of filum terminale? - CORRECT ANSWER < 2mm
Caroli disease associated findings - CORRECT ANSWER saccular dilation of intrahepatic bile ducts
calculus formation
cholangitis
hepatic fibrosis
portal HTN
Arnold-Chiari malformation is a complex brain anomaly associated with what 3 things? - CORRECT ANSWER cerebellar dysplasia
spinal dysraphism
encephalocele or myelomeningocele
Name the 6 cranial bones: - CORRECT ANSWER frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid
Which cranial bone has a "batwing" shape? - CORRECT ANSWER Sphenoid
Name the 5 major sutures of the skull: - CORRECT ANSWER Coronal
Frontal/Metopic
Lamboidal
Sagittal
Squamosal
Which 2 bones form the Metopic suture? - CORRECT ANSWER 2 frontal bones
Which 2 bones form the Lamboidal suture? - CORRECT ANSWER Occipital
Parietal
Which 2 bones form the Sagittal suture? - CORRECT ANSWER 2 parietal bones
Which 2 bones form the Squamosal suture? - CORRECT ANSWER Temporal
Parietal
What is the term for premature fusion of the lamboidal, coronal and sagittal sutures? - CORRECT ANSWER Craniosynostosis
What is the term for premature fusion of the lamboidal and coronal sutures? (creates a "Trilobed" skull appearance) - CORRECT ANSWER Cloverleaf skull
Name the 4 fontanelles - CORRECT ANSWER anterior
posterior
sphenoid
mastoid
Name the divisions of the brain: - CORRECT ANSWER Prosencephalon (telencephalon and diencephalon)
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon (metencephalon and myelencephalon)
Spinal cord
The Prosencephalon consists of: - CORRECT ANSWER telencephalon and diencephalon
The Rhombencephalon consists of: - CORRECT ANSWER metencephalon and myelencephalon
Describe the sonographic appearance of gyri vs. sulci - CORRECT ANSWER gyri - folds/convolutions - hypoechoic
sulci - grooves - echogenic
Name the major gyrus - CORRECT ANSWER Cingulate
(hypoechoic)
Name the major suclus - CORRECT ANSWER Central sulcus
What sulcus carries the callosal marginal artery? - CORRECT ANSWER Cingulate
What are the 2 main fissures of the brain? - CORRECT ANSWER interhemispheric fissure
lateral fissure
Name the 3 coverings of the brain. - CORRECT ANSWER dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
Where is the dura mater located? - CORRECT ANSWER outermost layer
Where is the arachnoid mater located? - CORRECT ANSWER between dura mater and pia mater
(middle layer)
Where is the pia mater located? - CORRECT ANSWER innermost surface of the brain
Where is the epidural space located? - CORRECT ANSWER between dura mater and skull
Where is the subdural space located? - CORRECT ANSWER between dura mater and arachnoid mater
Where is the subarachnoid space located? - CORRECT ANSWER between arachnoid and pia mater
Most important reflection that separates the cerebellum and brainstem from the occipital lobes of cerebrum - CORRECT ANSWER Tentorium cerebelli
What separates the 2 hemispheres of the brain? (lies within the interhemispheric fissure) - CORRECT ANSWER Falx cerebri
Name the 4 major subarachnoid cisterns - CORRECT ANSWER Cisterna magna
Pontine cistern
Interpeduncular cistern
Quadrigeminal cistern
What vessel runs through the quadrigeminal cistern? - CORRECT ANSWER Vein of galen
The M3 branch of the MCA supplies what region of the brain? - CORRECT ANSWER Insula
(contains Broca's area which controls speech, reading, writing)
What is the largest white matter structure in the brain? - CORRECT ANSWER Corpus callosum
What purpose does the corpus callosum serve? - CORRECT ANSWER Connects right and left hemispheres
What structure in the neonatal brain may be confused with a subependymal germinal matrix hemorrhage? - CORRECT ANSWER Caudothalamic groove
What is the landmark used to assist in detection of a subependymal germinal matrix hemorrhage? - CORRECT ANSWER Caudothalamic groove
Purpose of the Massa Intermedia? - CORRECT ANSWER connects the 2 thalamic bodies
When is the Massa Intermedia seen? - CORRECT ANSWER when the 3rd ventricle is dilated
What does the hypothalamus control? - CORRECT ANSWER body temperature
appetite
thirst
anger
circadian cycles
What structure of the basal ganglia is concerned with learning and memory? - CORRECT ANSWER Caudate nucleus
Name functions of the Cerebellum - CORRECT ANSWER fine movement
balance
equilibrium
muscle tone
Name the parts of the brainstem - CORRECT ANSWER midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
What structures connect the pons to the cerebrum? - CORRECT ANSWER cerebral peduncles
Name the 4 ventricles of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER 2 lateral
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle
What is the thin structure that separates the lateral ventricles? - CORRECT ANSWER Septum pellucidum
Name the 4 segments of the lateral ventricles - CORRECT ANSWER frontal horn
body
temporal horn
occipital horn
What structure divides the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles from the body of the lateral ventricles? - CORRECT ANSWER Foramen of Monro
Describe the flow of CSF through the ventricles - CORRECT ANSWER Foramen of Monro drains lat vents into 3rd vent -> Aqueduct of Sylvius connects 3rd and 4th vents -> 4th vent drained by Foramina of Luschka and Magendie
CSF is produced by - CORRECT ANSWER choroid plexus
There is NO choroid plexus in what portion of the ventricular system? - CORRECT ANSWER Frontal and occipital horns
Terminal end of spinal cord: - CORRECT ANSWER conus medullaris
What structure secures the lower end of the spinal cord? - CORRECT ANSWER Filum terminalis
Nerve roots below the first lumbar vertebrae: - CORRECT ANSWER Cauda equina
What amount of extra axial fluid is a common/normal finding in a newborn? - CORRECT ANSWER 3.3mm in SCW location
Name the 3 stages of brain development: - CORRECT ANSWER Cytogenesis
Histogenesis
Organogenesis
Describe a Grade I intracranial hemorrhage: - CORRECT ANSWER Subependymal / germinal matrix hemorrhage
Describe a Grade II intracranial hemorrhage: - CORRECT ANSWER Intraventricular hemorrhage
NO ventricular dilation
Describe a Grade III intracranial hemorrhage: - CORRECT ANSWER Intraventricular hemorrhage
YES ventricular dilation
Describe a Grade IV intracranial hemorrhage: - CORRECT ANSWER Intraventricular hemorrhage AND
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH)
What happens as a result of "Shaken baby" syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER Posterior fossa subdural hemorrhage
What is the congenital anomaly of the brain thought to be caused by bilateral ICA occlusions during fetal development? - CORRECT ANSWER Hydrancephaly
Hydrocephaly vs. Ventriculomegaly - CORRECT ANSWER hydrocephaly is ventriculomegaly with increased ICP and head size
Cerebral edema vs. Encephalitis - CORRECT ANSWER edema: increased brain echogenicity with "slit-like" ventricles
encephalitis: increased brain echogenicity
What is the failure of diverticulation of the Prosencephalon? - CORRECT ANSWER Holoprosencephaly
3 types of Holoprosencephaly - CORRECT ANSWER Alobar (most severe, no separation)
Lobar (partial separation)
Semilobar (more cerebral tissue)
ALL forms of Holoprosencephaly have absence of.... - CORRECT ANSWER Septum pellucidum
Identification of the Septum pellucidum rules out.... - CORRECT ANSWER Holoprosencephaly
What structure runs along the lateral margin of the thalami? - CORRECT ANSWER Sylvian fissure
What vessel is seen pulsating in the sylvian fissure? - CORRECT ANSWER MCA
Which syndrome is associated with Aniridia? - CORRECT ANSWER WAGR (wilm's tumor, aniridia, GU anomalies, retardation)
WAGR syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER Wilm's tumor
Aniridia (absence of iris)
GU anomalies
Retardation (mental and motor)
Most common Arnold-Chiari malformation - CORRECT ANSWER Chiari II
A "batwing" configuration of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricle indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER Chiari malformation
Dilated, fluid filled central sinus of the spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWER Hydromelia
(Syringomelia)
Fatty filum vs. Filar lipoma - CORRECT ANSWER fatty filum - normal variant
filar lipoma - >2mm causing mass effect (associated w/ tethered cord)
2 types of caudal regression - CORRECT ANSWER Sacral agenesis (mildest)
Sirenomelia (severe)
Absent gyri/sulci indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER Lissencephaly ("smooth" brain)
Which fontanelle is best for imaging the occipital horns of lateral ventricles? - CORRECT ANSWER posterior fontanelle
Where is the germinal matrix located? - CORRECT ANSWER floor of lateral ventricles
Which veins join to form the vein of Galen? - CORRECT ANSWER internal cerebral veins
"Sunburst" sign indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER agenesis of corpus callosum
Fetal persistence of the thyroglossal duct causes: - CORRECT ANSWER pyramidal loe
What causes Cretinism? - CORRECT ANSWER congenital hypothyroidism
Cretinism - CORRECT ANSWER a condition characterized by physical deformity and learning disabilities (caused by congenital thyroid deficiency)
"Thyroid inferno" indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER Graves disease
3 types of Thyroiditis - CORRECT ANSWER Hashimoto's
DeQuervain's
Bacterial
What type of Thyroiditis is caused by a viral infection? - CORRECT ANSWER DeQuervain's (rare)
3 common neck masses in children: - CORRECT ANSWER thyroglossal duct cyst
branchial cleft cyst
cystic hydgroma
What is an embryonic remnant appearing as a cystic mass on the lateral aspect of the neck? - CORRECT ANSWER Branchial cleft cyst
3 salivary glands - CORRECT ANSWER parotid (largest)
submandibular
sublingual
Which salivary gland contains Stensen's duct and drains into the oral cavity? - CORRECT ANSWER parotid
Which salivary gland is triangular in shape and contains Wharton's duct? - CORRECT ANSWER submandibular
Which salivary gland is the smallest and may contain ranulae (mucus retention cysts) - CORRECT ANSWER sublingual
What type of adrenal tumor appears as an echogenic mass and is associated with propagation speed artifact? - CORRECT ANSWER Myelolipoma
(speed is slower in fat)
Most common cause of neonatal adrenal mass - CORRECT ANSWER adrenal hemorrhage
What is the rare adrenal tumor that releases excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine? - CORRECT ANSWER pheochromocytoma
Wolman disease - CORRECT ANSWER Rare lipidosis. Enlarged, calcified adrenal glands. Usually fatal at an early age.
Most common cause of acute scrotum in POST-PUBERTAL male? - CORRECT ANSWER epididymitis
Most common cause of acute scrotum in pediatric patient? - CORRECT ANSWER torsion
2 different types of testicular torsion - CORRECT ANSWER extravaginal (neonates in utero)
intravaginal (adolescents)
Testicular torsion has approx 100% salvage rate if surgery is performed within how many hours? - CORRECT ANSWER 4-6 hours
(enlarged & hypoecoic)
A patient presents with left testicular swelling. Upon sonographic evaluation, an enlarged left testicle is seen along with a hydrocele. Color flow is normal. What is the most likely cause? - CORRECT ANSWER Nutcracker syndrome
In what pathologic condition would you see the "whirlpool" sign? - CORRECT ANSWER Midgut malrotation
(volvulus)
What is the name for a mass trapped in the GI system? - CORRECT ANSWER Bezoar
2 types of Bezoars - CORRECT ANSWER Trichobezoar (hair)
Lactobezoar (milk)
4 types of hernias - CORRECT ANSWER Indirect inguinal (congenital)
Direct inguinal (acquired)
Femoral
Spigelian
Relationship of an INDIRECT inguinal hernia to vascular structures: - CORRECT ANSWER superior/lateral to prox inferior epigastric artery
Relationship of a DIRECT inguinal hernia to vascular structures: - CORRECT ANSWER inferior/medial to prox inferior epigastric artery
Which type of inguinal hernia is more common in infants and is more likely to extend into the scrotum? - CORRECT ANSWER Indirect
Relationship of femoral hernia to vascular structures: - CORRECT ANSWER medial to CFV
Relationship of spigelian hernia to vascular structures: - CORRECT ANSWER lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
Large,fluid-filled RLQ structure with an "onion" skin appearance may indicate: - CORRECT ANSWER Mucocele
Sonographic appearance of Necrotizing enterocolitis: - CORRECT ANSWER decreased flow in portal veins
air within the vessels
Most common GI disease affecting neonates/preemies due to intestinal immaturity - CORRECT ANSWER Necrotizing enterocolitis
Intussusception occurs more commonly in which part of the small intestine? - CORRECT ANSWER Ileum
Most common type of Intussusception - CORRECT ANSWER Ileocecal
When scanning an infant for pyloric stenosis, what other position can you use besides supine? - CORRECT ANSWER RLD
TORCH infections - CORRECT ANSWER Toxoplasmosis
Other (hep B and herpes zoster)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes
Most frequent nosocomial infection - CORRECT ANSWER UTI (from indwelling catheter)
What is the reason infants cannot control their body temperature? - CORRECT ANSWER Lack of brown adipose tissue (BAT)
Optimal place for a temperature probe on an infant: - CORRECT ANSWER abdomen
Name the 3 most common venous access sites in the body - CORRECT ANSWER IJV
subclavian
femoral
What sonographic artifact is seen with the use of needles? - CORRECT ANSWER Reverberation or "comet-tail"
What does PICC line stand for? - CORRECT ANSWER peripherally inserted central catheter
Name 5 risk factors for DDH - CORRECT ANSWER first born
female
frank breech
family hx
oligohydramnios
Which 3 specific structures should be imaged when evaluating for septic hip? - CORRECT ANSWER femoral head/neck
joint capsule
iliopsoas muscle
Which 3 bones form the hip? - CORRECT ANSWER ilium
ischium
pubis
Name the 2 stress maneuvers used for evaluation of the infant hip - CORRECT ANSWER Barlow
Ortolani
Describe the Barlow maneuver - CORRECT ANSWER dislocation of the hip by ADDUCTING and pushing leg posterior
Describe the Ortolani maneuver - CORRECT ANSWER relocation of the hip by ABDUCTING the leg
Name the angle between the ilium and the roof of the labrum; < 55 degrees is normal. - CORRECT ANSWER Beta
Name the angle between the acetabular roof and the ilium; > 60 degrees is normal. - CORRECT ANSWER Alpha
Pyomyositis - CORRECT ANSWER Infection of skeletal muscle
Osteomyelitis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of bone and bone marrow
What is the difference between Transient synovitis and a septic hip? - CORRECT ANSWER septic hip will have pain at rest and high fever (transient synovitis no pain at rest, afebrile or mild fever)
What is the unusual condition occurring in athletes after a blunt injury in which the bone subsequently forms within the muscle at the site of injury? - CORRECT ANSWER Myositis ossifications
What symptoms would a patient with hypertensive vasculitis have? - CORRECT ANSWER pain, fever, swollen joints, petechiae
Where does the thymus gland lie? - CORRECT ANSWER posterior to sternum
Which gland resembles a "sail" on ultrasound - CORRECT ANSWER thymus
What is the anomaly where a segment of lung does NOT function due to anomalous blood supply and no communication with tracheobronchial tree? - CORRECT ANSWER Pulmonary sequestration
2 types of pulmonary sequestration - CORRECT ANSWER Intralobar (acquired)
Extralobar (congential)
Which type of pulmonary sequestration is more common in males and on the left? - CORRECT ANSWER Extralobar
2 types of diaphragmatic hernias - CORRECT ANSWER Bochdalek
Morgagni
What scanning approach would be optimal to assess for diaphragmatic paralysis? - CORRECT ANSWER Intercostal
How do you assess for diaphragmatic paralyis? - CORRECT ANSWER disconnect ventilator
use M-mode for 5-10 seconds
Diagnostic criteria for positive diaphragmatic paralysis - CORRECT ANSWER absent motion upon inspiration
2 congenital anomalies of pancreas - CORRECT ANSWER pancreas divisum
annular pancreas
What pancreatic anomaly occurs when the ventral and dorsal buds do not fuse? - CORRECT ANSWER pancreatic divisum
Describe annular pancreas - CORRECT ANSWER Ring of panc tissue encircles 2nd portion of duodenum. (may present as obstruction)
Most common cause of pancreatitis in a child? - CORRECT ANSWER blunt abdominal trauma
Most common location for pancreatic pseudocyst - CORRECT ANSWER lesser sac, body and tail
If a patient has pancreatitis, which vessel may become thrombosed? - CORRECT ANSWER splenic vein
Most common reason for a pediatric liver transplant - CORRECT ANSWER bilary atresia
What causes pneumobilia? - CORRECT ANSWER Sphincter or Oddi incompetence
emphysematous cholecystitis
ERCP
Normal size of CBD from birth to adolescence - CORRECT ANSWER < 5mm
List some causes for pediatric cholelithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER sickle cell
crohn's
choledochal cysts
wilson disease
cystic fibrosis
What liver anomaly is associated with ARPKD? - CORRECT ANSWER hepatic fibrosis
What syndrome is a wandering spleen associated with? - CORRECT ANSWER Prune belly syndrome
Most common cause of fungal abscess? - CORRECT ANSWER candida albicans
What condition can cause multiple splenic abscesses? - CORRECT ANSWER cat scratch fever
Appearance of spleen with Leukemia vs. Lymphoma - CORRECT ANSWER leukemia - enlarged, SMALL focal lesions (if any)
lymphoma - enlarged, LARGE focal lesions
What is the most commonly injured solid organ in children? - CORRECT ANSWER Spleen
VACTERL syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER Vertebral anomalies
Anal atresia
Cardiovascular anomalies
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Esophageal atresia
Renal anomalies
Limb anomalies
Horseshoe kidneys are associated with what syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER Turner's
What anomalies are associated with renal agenesis - CORRECT ANSWER uterine anomalies
seminal vesicle agenesis
congenital cardiac anomalies
VACTERL syndrome
Result of the developing kidneys fuse in the pelvis and ascend to one of the renal fossas - CORRECT ANSWER cross fused renal ectopia
Common variant of focal bulging on lateral aspect of LEFT kidney - CORRECT ANSWER dromedary hump
What is an extension of the sinus fat into the renal cortex that is seen as a triangular hyperechoic area in anterior aspect of RIGHT kidney? - CORRECT ANSWER junctional parenchymal defect
What is persistent fetal lobulation? - CORRECT ANSWER incomplete fusion of developing renal lobules
(kidney appears lobulated)
Describe the Weigert-Meyer law. - CORRECT ANSWER in duplicated collecting systems, upper pole is susceptible to hydro due to ectopic insertion of ureter into bladder (causing reflux)
"Key-hole" sign prenatally indicates: - CORRECT ANSWER Posterior urethral valves
Sonographic difference between Wilm's tumor and Neuroblastoma - CORRECT ANSWER wilm's - destroys contour of kidney
neuroblastoma - displaces kidney
Most common cause of abdominal mass in neonates and infants? - CORRECT ANSWER hydronephrosis
Most common renal cystic disease in neonates? - CORRECT ANSWER Multicystic dysplastic
A congenital dysplastic cystic dilatation of the medullary pyramids due to tubular ectasia/dysplasia in utero. - CORRECT ANSWER Medullary sponge kidney
What causes Medullary sponge kidney? - CORRECT ANSWER urinary stasis
(causes calcium deposits)
What renal anomaly do children with tuberous sclerosis develop? - CORRECT ANSWER angiomyolipomas
Mycetoma - CORRECT ANSWER fungal ball
(caused by candidiasis)
Normal size range of infant kidneys - CORRECT ANSWER 5-6.5 cm
Describe the course of blood flow to the kidney - CORRECT ANSWER Main renal
Segmental
Interlobar
Arcuate
Interlobular
Sonographic indications of an ACUTE failing renal transplant - CORRECT ANSWER enlarged
hypoechoic pyramids
thick cortex
high RI's
Sonographic indications of CHRONIC renal transplant rejection - CORRECT ANSWER normal to hyperechoic
cortical thinning
increased RI's
Most common pediatric ovarian tumor - CORRECT ANSWER teratoma
Hematocolpos - CORRECT ANSWER blood in the vagina
Most common cause of Hematocolpos - CORRECT ANSWER imperforate hymen
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is associated with what renal anomalies? - CORRECT ANSWER Wilm's tumor
duplicated collecting systems
nephrocalcinosis
medullary sponge kidney
What male GU abnormalities are associated with Klinefelter syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER small testes
cryptorchidism
hypospadias
micropenis
incomplete puberty
What might you see sonographically with Lemierr'es syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER thrombus in IJV
Pheochromocytoma is associated with what syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER Von-hippel-lindau syndrome
Name 5 main venous sinuses of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
straight (vein of galen)
transverse
occipital
Where does the superior sagittal sinus lie? - CORRECT ANSWER superior border of the falx cerebri
Why is the superior sagittal sinus important in sonography? - CORRECT ANSWER prone to thrombosis in neonates with dehydration
List some conditions that can cause increased resistance in the brain - CORRECT ANSWER edema
PVL
hydrocephalus
ICH
subdural hematomas
List some conditions that can cause decreased resistance in the brain - CORRECT ANSWER ECMO
brain atrophy
term infants
AVM
asphyxia
What vessels are evaluated in the brain of a child with sickle cell? - CORRECT ANSWER MCA
ICA
ACA
Mean flow velocities greater than __________ in the MCA are indicative for high stroke risk in a child with sickle cell anemia. - CORRECT ANSWER 170 cm/s [Show Less]