Disease
- Levels of prevention
o Primary = prevent disease from occurring
Ex. Vaccinations
o Secondary = early detection
Ex. Checkups or
... [Show More] testing/screening (can be primary or secondary
depending on situation)
o Tertiary = prevent deterioration or complications
Ex. Medication once disease is diagnosed, rehabilitation
- Clinical manifestations = evidence
o Signs = objective and measurable
*not called vital symptoms*
o Symptoms = subjective
Patient describing pain, even using PQRST can’t be measured
- Risk factors or predisposing factors = contribute to disease
o Non-modifiable = factors you cannot change or choose
Heredity/genetics. Directly cause or increase risk of disease
Age
Sex
Etiology
• Sex = biological (XX/XY)
• Gender = identity
Ethnicity
o Modifiable = factors that can be changed or chosen
Smoking
Alcohol or drug use
Activity level
Weight
Diet and nutrition
Environment
SDOH
Stress
- Study of causes of disease
- Intrinsic = something within the body (genetics, etc.)
- Extrinsic = outside influences (infections, etc.)
- Idiopathic = unknown pathology
- Iatrogenic = related to healthcare
- Syndrome = collection of manifestations that happen together
Processes of Disease
- Multifactorial
o diseases caused by a number of genes acting together and influenced by other
factors
Genetics + inflammation or immune response or infection etc.
Schizophrenia, bi-polar affective disorder, cardiovascular diseases,
cancers, diabetes mellitus
- Obstruction
o Can occur anywhere there is a ‘tube’
o Mechanical
Physical blockage (ex. blood clot, tumor, kidney stone)
o Functional
- Genetics
Lack of function, is paralyzed (GI paralysis)
Leads to same outcomes, but is harder to detect
Rarer than mechanical
o Mutation
Inherited alteration of genetic material
Radiation and other chemicals are mutagens
Base pair substitution = one base pair is switched for another
Frameshift mutation = addition or deletion of one base pair
o Aneuploidy
Abnormal number of chromosomes due to non-disjunction
• Improper splitting of chromosomes in meiosis, leading to gametes
with either two chromosomes or none, leading to offspring with either one or three after fertilization
Monosomy = single chromosome
• [Show Less]