transverse fracture - ANS occurs straight across the bone
Oblique Fracture - ANS fracture at an angle to the bone
Spiral Fracture - ANS a fracture
... [Show More] in which the bone has been twisted apart
Comminuted Fracture - ANS bone is splintered or crushed
Segmental Fracture - ANS consists of a segment of the shaft isolated by proximal and distal lines of fracture
Avulsed Fracture - ANS Fragments are pulled from their normal positions by muscles
Impacted Fracture - ANS broken bone ends are forced into each other
Torus Fracture - ANS cortex buckles but does not break
Greenstick Fracture - ANS bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
Stages of Bone Healing - ANS 1. Hematoma - Inflammation
2. Callous Formation - New granulation tissue
3. Ossification - bony tissue
4. Remodeling - removal of excess tissue to retain original shape
Traumatic Fracture - ANS direct injury
Pathologic Fracture - ANS fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone
example: osteoporosis/metastatic bone cancer
Purpose of Immobilization of Fracture - ANS - To prevent further damage to blood vessels, nerves, and soft tissue.
- To perserve function
Patho of Osteoporosis - ANS - rate of reabsorption exceeds the rate of bone formation
- osteoclast production exceeds osteoblast production
Compartment Syndrome - ANS increased pressure from swelling with the fascia compresses blood vessel which decreases blood flow to the muscle and nerves.
Can be LIMB THREATENING and need to treat with emergency fasciotomy
Osteoarthritis - ANS - Affects mostly large, weight bearing joints
- Localized inflammation of joints
- Degenerative -- known as wear and tear
- Mostly older adults
Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANS - Affects mostly small joints
- Systemic inflammation - autoimmune response
- Inflammation of synovial fluid. Leads to formation of pannus (vascular tissue)
- All ages
5 P's in Neurovascular Assessment - ANS 1. Pain
2. Pallor (delayed cap refill)
3. Paresthesias (numbness and tingling)
Later:
4. Paralysis
5. Pulselessness
Patho of Pulmonary Embolism - ANS blood clot that forms in the lung
Virchow's Triad - ANS 1. Immobility - venous stasis
2. Vessel Injury - surgery
3. Hypercoagulability - clotting disorder / dehydration
Osteomyelitis - ANS bone infection cause mostly by staph
How do you treat osteomyelitis? - ANS long term IV antibiotic
patient discharged with IV will probably leave with a PICC line
Menopause - ANS physiologic decrease in estrogen
Menopause can lead to.. - ANS osteoporosis, myocardial infarction, and urogenital atrophy
Polycystic Ovarian Disease - ANS release of excess androgen
presents in 5-10% of young women
Signs and Symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Disease - ANS - Excess hair growth
- Irregular menstrual periods
- Infertility
- Acne
- Insulin Resistance [Show Less]