Stages of general adaptation syndrome
1. Alarm
Initial reaction
Sympathetic nervous system
2. Resistance
Adaptation
Limit stressor
3.
... [Show More] Exhaustion
Adaptation failing
Disease develops
Edema
Excess fluid in the interstitial space
Dehydration (ECF volume deficit)
Can occur independently without electrolyte defects
Decrease in fluid level leads to increase in level of blood solutes
Cell shrinkage
Hypotension
Hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit
Decreased fluid in the intravascular space
Hypotonic Hydration
(fluid overload)
Causes of Fluid Deficit
Inadequate fluid intake
Poor oral intake
Inadequate IV fluid replacement
Excessive fluid or sodium losses:
Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis Prolonged hyperventilation Hemorrhage Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Burns Open wounds Ascites Effusions Excessive use of diuretics Osmotic diuresis
Deydration Manisfestations
thirst, altered level of consciousness, hypotension, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, flat jugular veins, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, oliguria, weight loss, and sunken fontanelles
Cancer Benign
Slow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles host (more differentiated), grows by expansion, does not usually cause death
Cancer Malignant
Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis) quickly, fatal, highly undifferentiated
Sodium
Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L.
• Most significant cation and prevalent electrolyte of extracellular fluid.
• Controls serum osmolality and water balance. Plays a role in acid-base balance.
• Facilitates muscles and nerve impulses.
• Main source is dietary intake.
• Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
Hypernatremia
Sodium > 145 mEq/L
Serum osmolarity increases
• Results in fluid shifts
Causes of Hypernatremia
Excessive sodium ingestion Hypertonic IV saline (3% saline) administration
Cushing's syndrome
Corticosteroid use
Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Prolonged episode of hyperventilation
Diuretic use Diabetes insipidus
Decreased water ingestion
Loss of thirst sensation
Inability to drink water
Third spacing
Vomiting [Show Less]