passive immunity
involves the transfer of plasma containing preformed antibodies against a specific antigen from a protected or immunized person to an
... [Show More] unprotected or non-immunized person. (ex: mom to baby)
Potassium Value
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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Sodium value
135-145 mEq/L
Calcium value
9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
Phosphate value
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Magnesium value
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
Low or high potassium
hypokalemia / hyperkalemia
low or high sodium
hyponatremia / hypernatremia
low or high phosphate
hypophophatemia
low or high chloride
hypochloremia
low or high magnesium
hypomagnesemia
low or high calcium
hypocalcemia
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Pathophysiology
the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings
Pathology
the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids
Etiology
The study of the causes and origins of disease
pathogenesis
development or evolution of a disease
clinical manifestation
signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
exacerbation
a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a disease or any of its signs and symptom
remission
decline in severity of symptoms
sequela
a disorder or condition usually resulting from a previous disease or injury
acute
sudden onset and short duration
chronic
long term
Primary level of prevention
-addresses needs of healthy clients, prevents disease
ex: immunization programs, health ed in school, car seat education
Secondary level of prevention
-conduction activities that help prevent a worsening health status
-identifying disease, screening
ex: early detection & treatment of type 2 diabetes
Tertiary level of prevention
-supports optimal functioning
-prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability
ex: preventing pressure ulcer, promoting independence after brain injury
3 stages of adaptation (GAS)
alarm, adaptation/resistance, exhaustion
adaptation/resistance stage
trying to return to homeotasis,
once in this state, bringing them back to normal is risky
able to function through adaptation
alarm stage
fight or flight response
reduced resistance to stressors
all perfusion to major organs
digestion stops
Suppressed immune response
catecholamines (epi and norepi)
adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldostrone)
exhaustion stage
cannot return to homeostasis, energy sources depleted, disease process sets in and permanent symptoms show up.
Fluid excretion from?
skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling), bowels, urine (largest amount from urine)
Causes of fluid deficits
Vomiting, diarrhea
what is the electrolyte pool?
bone marrow (calcium, magnesium, phosphate)
causes of edema
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability
Hypokalemia S/S
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Abd distention, bloating, hypoactive bowels sounds, constipation
Dysrhythmias, Flat T waves on ECG
Hyperkalemia S/S
Muscle weakness,
Mild cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea Bradycardia, Dysrhythmias, Tall T waves on ECG, Cardiac arrest
Hypocalcemia S/S
Diarrhea, Numbness, Tingling of extremities and around mouth, Convulsions, Positive Chvostek sign, Positive Trousseau sign, painful cramps ('charlie horses')
Brady, brittle bones,
Hypercalcemia S/S
Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia, N/V, Polyuria, confusion, increased HR and BP, Dysrhythmias, blood clots form easily, risk for DVT
Hyponatremia S/S
N/V, hyperactive bowel sounds, Weakness, Lethargy, Confusion, Muscle cramps, Twitching, Seizures, Coma, Death
Hypernatremia S/S
S = Skin flushed
A = Agitation
L = Low-grade fever
T = Thirst
eye twitching
Hypophosphatemia S/S
↓Cardiac Output and Contractility
Slowed Respirations
Weakness
↓DTR
↓Bone Density
Irritability/Confusion/Seizures
↓Platelet aggregation
↑Bleeding
Immunosupression
Hyperphosphatemia S/S
Causes hypocalcemia:
+Trousseau's and Chvosteks
Hypomagnesemia S/S
Torsades de Pointes (tornado in the heart) Afib, Vfib, Prolonged QT, flattened T wave, N/T, painful muscle contractions, decreased GI, constipations, nausea, paralytic ileus
Hypermagnesemia S/S
Brady, hypotension, cardiac arrest, lethargy, coma, resp failure, death [Show Less]