passive immunity
Transfer of performed antibodies against a specific antigen from protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non-immunized
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Examples of passive immunity
IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct injection of antibodies)
Potassium Value normal range( intercellular cation)
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid)
135-145 mEq/L
Calcium value normal range
9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
Phosphate value normal range
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Magnesium value normal range
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in blood)
23-30 mEq/L
Condition of low potassium < 3.5 mEq/L
hypokalemia
Condition of high potassium >5 mEq/L
Hyperkalemia
Condition of sodium < 135 mEq/L
hyponatremia / hypernatremia
Condition of high sodium>145 mEq/L
hypernatremia
condition of low phosphate < 2.5 mg/dL
hypophophatemia
Condition of high phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL
Hyperphosphatemia
Condition of low chloride <96 mEq/L
hypochloremia
Condition of high chloride > 106 mEq/L
Hyperchloremia
Condition of low magnesium <1.5 mEq/L
hypomagnesemia
Condition of high magnesium >2.5 mEq/L
Hypermagesemia
condition of low calcium< 9mg/dL
hypocalcemia
condition of high calcium > 11mg/dL
hypercalcemia
Pathophysiology
the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings
Pathology
the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids
Etiology
The study of the causes and origins of disease
4 topics of pathophysiology
etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment
pathogenesis
development or evolution of a disease
clinical manifestation
signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
exacerbation
a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a disease or any of its signs and symptom
remission
decline in severity of symptoms
sequela
a disorder or condition usually resulting from a previous disease or injury
acute
sudden onset and short duration
chronic
long term
Primary level of prevention
altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for susceptible persons
Example of primary prevention
Immunization, health/sex ed, quit smoking drinking or poor diet.
Secondary level of prevention
-conduction activities that help prevent a worsening health status by detection or management of diseases
examples of secondary prevention
Self breast exams, yearly cancer screenings, proper management of diabetes
Tertiary level of prevention
-supports optimal functioning
-prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability
ex: preventing pressure ulcer, promoting independence after brain injury
Examples of tertiary prevention
rehabilitation after brain injury, surgery to correct chronic or recurring illness, medication to prevent chronic symptoms
3 stages of adaptation (GAS)
alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
adaptation/resistance stage
trying to return to homeotasis
alarm stage
fight or flight response
reduced resistance to stressors
release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldostrone)
exhaustion stage
cannot return to homeostasis, energy sources depleted, disease process sets in and permanent symptoms show up.
where is fluid excreted?
skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling), bowels, urine (largest amount from urine)
Causes of extracellular fluid deficits
loss of total body sodium-Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, diuretics or kidney failure.
what is the electrolyte pool?
bone marrow reservoir for calcium, magnesium and phosphate
causes of edema
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability
Hypokalemia S/S
altered muscle function and weakness,Abd distention, bloating, diminished bowels sounds, constipation, Dysrhythmias, Flat T waves on ECG, hyper polarization leads to less reactive to stimuli, postural hypo tension
Hyperkalemia S/S
Mild cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea, muscle weakness starting in lower extremities and ascends, Bradycardia, Dysrhythmias, Tall T waves on ECG, Cardiac arrest
Hypocalcemia S/S
Diarrhea, Numbness, Tingling of extremities and around mouth, Convulsions, Positive Chvostek sign, Positive Trousseau sign, painful cramps ('charlie horses')
Brady, brittle bones, [Show Less]