PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 370 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE. WEST COAST UNIVERSITY.Chapter 1:
1. Etiology: study of causes or reasons for a particular injury. Idiopathic
... [Show More] (unknown) vs Iatrogenic
(unintended/unwanted medical treatment). Risk Factor: a factor that increases the likelihood of disease.
2. Pathogenesis: development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of
manifestations of the disease.
3. Clinical Manifestations: Signs (objective) vs Symptoms (subjective).
4. Stages and Clinical Course: Latent period (time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent, first
appearance of S&S), Prodromal period (indicating onset of disease), Acute phase (disease/illness reaches
its full intensity).
5. Acute clinical course: short-lived, may have severe manifestations.
6. Chronic clinical course: may last months to years, sometimes follows an acute course.
7. Treatment implications: understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical consequences of a
particular disorder/disease/illness may determine which treatments could be helpful.
8. Considerations: culture, age, gender, situation, time.
9. Levels of Prevention:
Primary: altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons (vaccination).
Secondary: early detection, screening, and management of disease.
Tertiary: rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning.
10.Subclinical: disease that has no recognizable clinical findings. Distinct from a clinical disease which has
S&S that can be recognized. Subclinical disease ex. Diabetes, hypothyroidism, RA until they turn into
clinical diseases.
Chapter 2:
1. Homeostasis: ideal set point; response: mechanistic, predictable series of orchestrated internal events.
2. Types of parameters to control: osmolarity, temperature, pH, nutrients, water, Na+, Ca2+, oxygen,
hormones.
3. Allostasis: ability to adapt to challenges; maintains or reestablishes homeostasis in light of environmental
and lifestyle changes.
4. Stressors: agents or conditions that endanger homeostasis (physical, chemical, emotional, biological,
social, or cultural; vary in scope, intensity, and duration.
5. Feedback control systems adapt to changes to restore homeostasis.
6. Stress can be beneficial: increase energy and alertness, keeps us focused on the problem at hand.
7. Risk factors: NOT stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a
stressor.
8. Han Selye’s GAS:
Alarm Reaction: arousal of CNS begins, fight-or-flight response sympathetic NS involved.
Epinephrine, NE, and other hormones are released, causing an increase in HR, contractility, oxygen
intake (respiratory rate), and mental activity.
Resistance: activity of the nervous and endocrine systems in an attempt to return to
homeostasis. Allostatic state: refers to the activity of various systems in attempting to restore
homeostasis.
Exhaustion: point where body can no longer return to homeostasis. Allostatic overload: “cost” of
body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response. Organ damage
begins (onset of disease).
9. Other responses: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) production, antidiuretic hormone release
(vasopressin), Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation and catecholamines (E and NE), reninangiotensin-aldosterone pathway activation (increase BP, increased blood volume). [Show Less]