What are the different types of fractures? - -Transverse
-Oblique
-Spiral
-Comminuted
-Avulsion
-Impacted
-Torus
-Greenstick
What are the
... [Show More] stages of bone healing? - 1) hematoma
2) callus formation
3) ossification
4) remodeling
What is the difference between a traumatic fracture and pathologic fracture? - -*trauma* --> direct
injury
-*pathologic* --> disease process; osteoporosis, metastatic bone cancer
What is the purpose of immobilization? - *to prevent further damage*
-to preserve/ restore function by preventing pressure on nearby nerves, arteries, and soft tissues.
What is osteoporosis? - -rate of reabsorption exceeds rate of bone formation
-osteoclast production exceeds osteoblast production
What is an osteoclast? - a large multinucleate bone cell that absorbs bone tissue during growth and
healing.
What is an osteoblast? - a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation.
What supplement may promote osteoblast production? - calcium
A decrease in what promotes bone mass loss? - estrogen levels
What can enhance calcium absorption? - Vitamin D
If calcium is too low in your bone? - *The parathyroid secrete PTH to stimulate the kidneys to make
vitamin D precursor to help intestines absorb more calcium*
-PTH can also signal bones to release stored calcium
If calcium is too high in your bone? - the parathyroid secretes calcitonin to signal the bones to hold onto
calcium an inhibit osteoclast activity
What is compartment syndrome? What do you need to do to relieve this? Medical emergency? -
*Increased pressure from swelling with the fascia compresses blood vessel which decreases blood flow
to the muscles and nerves*
-need to relieve pressure (loosen cast)
-can be limb threatening due to lose of pulses (need to treat with emergency fasciotomy
-decreased sensation
-skin pallor --> increased capillary refill time
-tight swollen shiny skin
-may lead to tissue death and nerve damage
What is osteoarthritis? - -affects mostly large, weight bearing joints
-localized inflammation of joints
-degenerative- known as "wear and tear" arthritis
-mostly older adults
-pain and aching
-crepitus and grinding
What is rheumatoid arthritis? - -affects mostly small joints
-systemic inflammation- autoimmune response
-leads to formation of pannus (vascular tissue)
-all ages
-stiff, swollen, tender, warm, spongy
-fever, weakness, fatigue, weight loss, thin skin, corneal ulcers, nodules, vasculitis
-exacerbations and remissions
What are the 5 P's involved in the neurovascular assessment? - Pain (especially on passive motion)
Pallor
Paresthesia
Paralysis
Pulselessness
Risk of DVT can lead to what? - pulmonary embolus (can be blood or air)
What is a pulmonary embolism? - happens when a blood clot called a Deep Vein Thrombosis, often in
your leg, travels to your lungs and blocks a blood vessel
What are the 3 characteristics in Virchow's triad? - -Immobility (venous stasis)
-Vessel injury (surgery)
-Hyper-coagulability (clotting disorders/dehydration)
Explain therapeutic monitoring regarding coumadin and heparin ? - -coumadin --> PT/INR
-heparin --> PTT
What is osteomyelitis ? What type of treatment does this require? - *a bone infection that is
characterized by pain, redness, and swelling*
-requires long term IV antibiotics
-pt discharged with IV (probably PICC line) --> needs teaching
Menopause is a physiologic decrease in what? Can lead to? Changes in? - *physiologic decrease in
estrogen*
can lead to:
-osteoporosis
-MI
-Urogenital atrophy (atrophy of the vagina and urinary tract) [Show Less]